“…Note that two such ratios, R pl and R cr,L , can be calculated using approximate formulae suggested in current provisions [8,10] or by specific programs. In the present study, the HLS software [33] was adopted to determine R pl and R cr,L for the full cross-section. After computing the cross-section slenderness λ L via R pl and R cr,L , a local buckling reduction factor χ L is determined using a local buckling curve, which leads to the calculation of the ultimate load ratio R b,L .…”