Reliability considerations and economic benefits of dynamic transformer rating for wind energy integration

Zarei, Tahereh; Morozovska, Kateryna; Laneryd, Tor; Hilber, Patrik; Wihlén, Malin; Hansson, Olle

doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.09.038

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the present study, the hot-spot temperature calculation is based on the methodology introduced in IEC 60076-12 [6], which has been applied to a typical WTSU load profile and ambient conditions in a late September day (24 hours) in a Northern European country [9]. The load index evolution of the WTSU transformer under study for a whole day is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Description Of Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Useful Life of Dry-Type WTSU Transformers

Etxegarai¹,

Valverde²,

Eguia³

et al. 2024

RE&PQJ

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Dry-type transformers are rapidly becoming popular as wind turbine step-up (WTSU) transformers, especially in offshore wind farms. Cast resin transformers are not flammable and are also resistant to moisture. However, their thermalelectrical degradation must be carefully analysed given the special conditions of wind farm installations. The present paper studies the remaining useful life (RUL) calculation of dry-type WTSU transformers based on the most thermally stressed location i.e. the winding hot-spot. The estimation of the loss of life of the transformer can be used for diagnostic and prognostic monitoring purposes in the framework of digital twins. The methodology is then applied to a typical WTSU load profile and the impact of several transformer characteristics and operating conditions are compared to the reference case.

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Section: Description Of Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Useful Life of Dry-Type WTSU Transformers

Etxegarai¹,

Valverde²,

Eguia³

et al. 2024

RE&PQJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The transformer is represented by the thermal model, provided in IEC standard [35]. IEC standard also provides typical characteristics (see Table 1) for a power transformer with ONAN 5 , ONAF 6 , OD 7 , OF 8 cooling systems as well as ONAN distribution transformer.…”

Section: Determination Of Energy Limit: a Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy limit of oil‐immersed transformers: A concept and its application in different climate conditions

Daminov

Prokhorov

Caire

et al. 2020

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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The reality of modern power grids requires the use of flexibilities from generation, load and storage. These flexibilities allow system operators to modify a transformer loading in a smart way. Therefore, power constraints of transformers can be overcome by using the appropriate flexibility. However, transformers have a physical limit of energy transfer which cannot be overpassed. This energy limit represents the unique transformer's loading profile, ensuring the highest energy transfer under a given ambient temperature profile. The paper explains how the energy limit can be calculated. Typical characteristics of an energy limit are estimated in cold continental climate of Russia and warm temperate climate in France. Maximal, minimal and mean loadings are identified for each month. Loading durations of energy limit are determined for each cooling system. It is found that winding temperatures of transformers, operating at energy limits, remain in the vicinity of design winding temperature. Therefore, transformer operation at energy limit avoids a high temperature stress and simultaneously maximizes the energy transfer. The application of energy limits for power system problems is briefly explained along the paper. Energy limit application can reduce an energy cost, maximize a renewable generation and increase a hosting capacity of distribution network. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Real time control of OWFs while abiding thermal constraints can be also merged with these concepts. In general, the previous statements can be extrapolated to other power components, like transformers [20], filters, and compensations units. In fact, not much work has been found related to the latter, therefore representing a potentially important research topic in the short to medium term.…”

Section: Optimization Of Electrical Cables In Offshore Wind Farms:mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Cable Optimization in Offshore Wind Farms—A Review

Pérez-Rúa

Cutululis

2019

IEEE Access

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A state-of-the-art review of the optimization of electrical cables in offshore wind farms (OWFs) is presented in this paper. One of the main contributions of this paper is to propose a general classification of this problem, framed in the general context of the OWFs design and optimization (OWiFDO). The classification encompasses two complementary aspects. First, the optimum sizing of electrical cables, with the three main approaches used nowadays, static-rated sizing, dynamic load cycle profile, and dynamic full time series, is conceptually analyzed and compared. The latest techniques and advances are described, along with the presentation of potential research areas not thoroughly addressed today, such as dynamic cable rating, and cable's lifetime estimation under time-varying conditions. Second, the network optimization of large OWFs is thoroughly presented, dividing the problem with a bottom-top approach: cable layout of the collection system, wind turbines (WTs) allocation to offshore substations (OSSs), number and location of OSSs, and interconnection between OSSs and onshore connection points (OCPs). A comparison among different methods is performed, taking into consideration the main engineering constraints. Global optimization, specifically, binary programming (BIP) or mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), is envisaged as the best way to tackle this topic. The full combinatorial problem is found to be better addressed following a top-bottom approach, combining exact formulations with high-level heuristics, or holistically with evolutionary algorithms.

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Reliability considerations and economic benefits of dynamic transformer rating for wind energy integration

Cited by 40 publications

References 16 publications

Study of Useful Life of Dry-Type WTSU Transformers

Study of Useful Life of Dry-Type WTSU Transformers

Energy limit of oil‐immersed transformers: A concept and its application in different climate conditions

Electrical Cable Optimization in Offshore Wind Farms—A Review

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