Reliability Evaluation of Bolt Fastening Force Based on Ultrasonic Measurement Method

Pan, Qinxue; Pan, Ruipeng; Chang, Meile; Shao, Chang; Liu, Xiaohao; Xu, Xiaoyu

doi:10.1109/icma.2019.8816545

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The first is based on smart bolts and dense sensors in the local area, and the second approach uses analysis of bolts based on modal analysis of whole structures and systems. A dense sensor approach can be performed by measuring tensile stress with ultrasonic waves [42,43], utilizing acoustic emission on rotating systems [44], electrical conductivity [45], vibroacoustic modulation (VM), and wave energy dissipation (WED) [46][47][48], as well as using spectral sidebands and high-order harmonics [49]. For measuring, such instrumentation can be used as piezoelectric active sensing [50][51][52][53], smart washer manufactured by lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Diagnostics Of Bolted Joints Loosening In Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics of Bolted Joints in Vibrating Screens Based on a Multi-Body Dynamical Model

Krot,

Shiri,

Dąbek

et al. 2023

Materials

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The condition-based maintenance of vibrating screens requires new methods of their elements’ diagnostics due to severe disturbances in measured signals from vibrators and falling pieces of material. The bolted joints of the sieving deck, when failed, require a lot of time and workforce for repair. In this research, the authors proposed the model-based diagnostic method based on modal analysis of the 2-DOF system, which accounts for the interaction of the screen body and the upper deck under conditions of bolted joint degradation. It is shown that the second natural mode with an out-of-phase motion of the upper deck against the main screen housing may coincide with the excitation frequency or its higher harmonics, which appear when vibrators’ bearings are in bad condition. This interaction speeds up bolt loosening and joint opening by the dynamical loading of higher amplitude. The proposed approach can be used to detune the system from resonance and anti-resonance to reduce maintenance costs and energy consumption. To prevent abrupt failures, such parameters as second natural mode frequency, damping factor, and phase space plot (PSP) distortion measures are proposed as bolt health indicators, and these are verified on the laboratory vibrating screen. Also, the robustness is tested by the impulsive non-Gaussian noise addition to the measurement data. A special diagram was proposed for the bolted joints’ strength capacity assessment and maintenance actions planning (tightening, replacement), depending on clearance in the joints.

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Section: Diagnostics Of Bolted Joints Loosening In Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics of Bolted Joints in Vibrating Screens Based on a Multi-Body Dynamical Model

Krot,

Shiri,

Dąbek

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…The ultrasonic method establishes a correlation between ultrasonic wave velocity or acoustic time differences and bolt preload. It estimates the preload by measuring ultrasonic physical parameters associated with the bolts [11][12][13][14]. To improve the accuracy of ultrasonic measurements and to reduce the influence of environmental factors during the measurement process, Kim et al [15] introduced a novel mode conversion ultrasonic technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Preload Detection Technology in Suspension Bridge Cable Clamp Bolts Based on the Pull-Out Method

Mu,

Zhu,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Buildings

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The pull-out method is a simple and effective method for detecting the preload of suspension bridge cable clamp bolts. However, research on the pull-out method is currently limited. The force principles governing the bolt during the pulling process are unclear, and the relationship between tension force and the desired preload remains uncertain. This paper aims to explore the force principles of bolts during the pull-out method detection process through a combined approach of theoretical analysis, full-scale test, and finite element simulation. The results indicate that the bolt preload increases during the pulling process. The preload detected by the pull-out method is not the initial preload of the bolt, but rather it exceeds the initial preload. The force relationships among various components are determined as follows: the preload subtracts the change value of the force exerted by the nut at the tension end, which equals the change value of tension force. Additionally, an analysis of the impact of the length of the bolt clamping section and the bolt area on the preload was conducted. Under the same bolt area, a shorter clamping section length corresponds to a greater increase in preload. With the same clamping section length, the increment of preload increases with the bolt area. These findings can serve as references for detecting and specifying the preload of the bolts.

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“…They can be classified into two big groups: based on the use of local sensors or “smart bolts” and the modal analysis of the whole structure or machine. Local contact surface sensors, e.g., by electrical conductivity [ 21 ], tension stress measurement by ultrasonic waves [ 22 , 23 ] high-frequency acoustic emission of low-speed rotating machinery [ 24 ], using high-order harmonics and spectral sidebands [ 25 ], wave energy dissipation (WED) and vibroacoustic modulation (VM) [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Sensing instrumentation also includes piezoelectric active sensing [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] using wearable sensors [ 34 ] and smart washers [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, which generate testing stress waves as the actuators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibration-Based Diagnostics of Radial Clearances and Bolts Loosening in the Bearing Supports of the Heavy-Duty Gearboxes

Krot

Korennoi

Zimroz

2020

Sensors

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The problem solved in this research is the diagnosis of the radial clearances in bearing supports and the loosening of fastening bolts due to their plastic elongation (creep) or weak tightening using vibration signals. This is an important issue for the maintenance of the heavy-duty gearboxes of powerful mining machines and rolling mills working in non-stationary regimes. Based on a comprehensive overview of bolted joint diagnostic methods, a solution to this problem based on a developed nonlinear dynamical model of bearing supports is proposed. Diagnostic rules are developed by comparing the changes of natural frequency and its harmonics, the amplitudes and phases of shaft transient oscillations. Then, the vibration signals are measured on real gearboxes while the torque is increasing in the transmission during several series of industrial trials under changing bearings and bolts conditions. In parallel, dynamical torque is measured and its interrelation with vibration is determined. It is concluded that the radial clearances are the most influencing factors among the failure parameters in heavy-duty gearboxes of industrial machines working under impulsive and step-like loading. The developed diagnostics algorithm allows condition monitoring of bearings and fastening bolts, allowing one to undertake timely maintenance actions to prevent failures.

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Reliability Evaluation of Bolt Fastening Force Based on Ultrasonic Measurement Method

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Diagnostics of Bolted Joints in Vibrating Screens Based on a Multi-Body Dynamical Model

Diagnostics of Bolted Joints in Vibrating Screens Based on a Multi-Body Dynamical Model

A Study of Preload Detection Technology in Suspension Bridge Cable Clamp Bolts Based on the Pull-Out Method

Vibration-Based Diagnostics of Radial Clearances and Bolts Loosening in the Bearing Supports of the Heavy-Duty Gearboxes

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