“…While task-related fMRI has been used in many studies to investigate specific functions and/or brain areas ( Ebrahimzadeh et al, 2021a ), the resting-state fMRI approach is emerging to analyze spontaneous physiological fluctuations without the need for patient compliance, pathway integrity, or command following, which can be difficult in some patients ( Soddu et al, 2011 ; Cavaliere et al, 2018a ). fMRI has been applied to characterize brain functional connectivity in several physiological conditions ( Aiello et al, 2015 ; Marchitelli et al, 2016 ) and many diseases, including brain tumors ( Metwali et al, 2019 ), MS ( Pareto et al, 2018 ), AD ( Liu et al, 2008 ; Marchitelli et al, 2018 ), epilepsy ( Ebrahimzadeh et al, 2018b , 2019 , 2021a , 2021b ; Omidvarnia et al, 2019 ; Sadjadi et al, 2021 ), and also psychiatric disorders ( Mwansisya et al, 2017 ; Cavaliere et al, 2018b ; Figure 3 ).…”