Reliability of ground reaction forces in the aquatic environment

Barreto, Maria Simone Tavares; Bela, Laís Faganello Dela; Dias, João Marcos Domingues; Pelegrinelli, Alexandre Roberto Marcondes; Campos, Renata Rosa de; Carvalho, Rodrigo Gustavo da Silva; Taglietti, Marcelo; Batista, João Pedro; Silva, Mariana Felipe; Olkoski, Mabel Micheline; Nogueira, Jéssyca Fernandes; Souza, Daniella Carneiro de; McVeigh, JG; Moura, Felipe Arruda; Facci, Lígia Maria; Cardoso, Jefferson Rosa

doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.05.002

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The intra-subject variability, expressed as the coefficient of variation indicates that all three methods have similar trends, but tend to be highly subject-specific. The values obtained are larger than the 8% suggested in the literature [25], which may be partially due to the small number of repetitions (6) utilized in this study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Specifically, optoelectronic methods are negatively impacted by attenuation, refraction and reflection in water, especially in the lower infrared wavelengths in which most commercial systems operate. The quantification of underwater rehabilitation activities currently rely on submerged force plates [5], [6] or camerabased motion-capture methods [7], [8]. A limited number of investigations have implemented underwater inertial measurement systems, showing promising results [9]- [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Land and Underwater Gait Analysis Using Wearable IMU

et al. 2021

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Walking underwater reduces joint impacts, enhances stability and lowers the net body weight of the patient during rehabilitation. It is a recent rehabilitation method and few suitable methods exist to study underwater gait kinematics. We propose an underwater inertial measurement (IMU) system analogous to those used in land-based rehabilitation to investigate gait kinematics. The objective of this study was to test and validate the proposed system in two human trials by evaluating the knee angle during the gait. In the first trial, a three-way performance analysis was carried out between the IMU, optoelectronic and motion-capture systems in a traditional rehabilitation setting on land. In the second trial, the proposed underwater IMU is compared with camera-based motion-capture both inside and outside the water environment, using the same subjects in both phases of the trial. This allows for an evaluation of the walking gait in air and underwater as well as a cross-comparison of IMU-based knee angle estimates before and after Gaussian Process Regression. The major finding of this work is that the proposed underwater wearable IMU system provides reliable and repeatable measurements of the knee angle during the gait, both in air and underwater. Index Terms-gait analysis, inertial measurement unit (IMU), kinematics, rehabilitation, underwater, optoelectronic tracking, motion-capture I. INTRODUCTIONW ATER provides a nearly ideal environment for physical rehabilitation. This is due to the additional forces acting on the submerged body, primarily caused by the dynamic pressure and drag. These hydrodynamic forces reduce the net body weight, lower joint loading and provide enhanced physical support and posture stabilization [1], [2]. Walking rehabilitation in water, shown in Figure 1, affects the muscular skeletal system [2], by reducing fatigue and pain, improving the physical recovery rate as well as joint

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

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confidence: 99%

Land and Underwater Gait Analysis Using Wearable IMU

et al. 2021

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“…Dependent variables were the peak values of the vertical (Fy) and antero-posterior (Fx) components of GRF as well as resultant force (F R ) in Newtons (N), which is the result when summing other GRF components. We opted to not analyze the medio-lateral component separately due to great variability and the absence of a clear pattern [32].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of ground reaction forces while walking in water

Haupenthal

Fontana

Haupenthal³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Despite being a key concept in rehabilitation, controlling weight-bearing load while walking, following lower limb injury is very hard to achieve. Walking in water provides an opportunity to prescribe load for people who have pain, weakness or weight bearing restrictions related to stages of healing. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate and validate regression models for predicting ground reaction forces while walking in water. One hundred and thirty seven individuals (24±5 years, 1.71±0.08 m and 68.7±12.5 kg) were randomly assigned to a regression group (n = 113) and a validation group (n = 24). Trials were performed at a randomly assigned water depth (0.75 to 1.35 m), and at a self-selected speed. Independent variables were: immersion ratio, velocity, body mass, and waist, thigh and leg circumferences. Stepwise regression was used for the prediction of ground reaction forces and validation included agreement and consistency statistical analyses. Data from a force plate were compared with predicted data from the created model in the validation group. Body mass, immersion ratio, and velocity independently predicted 95% of the vertical and resultant ground reaction force variability, while, together, velocity and thigh circumference explained 81% of antero-posterior ground reaction force variability. When tested against the data measured in validation samples, the models output resulted in statistically similar values, intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.88 to 0.90 and standard errors of measurement, 11.8 to 42.3 N. The models introduced in this study showed good predictive performance in our evaluation procedures and may be considered valid in the prediction of vertical, antero-posterior and resultant ground reaction forces while walking in water. All predictive variables can be easily determined in clinical practice. Future studies should focus on the validation of these models in specific populations.

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“…The propulsion on land mainly depends on the ground reaction force while the propulsion associated with gait in shallow water will be influenced by drag and buoyancy forces, as well as ground reaction force. Biomechanical research has also been conducted into GRFs during aquatic activities compared to land-based equivalents and the reliability of the kinetic gait parameters with force plate has been confirmed recently in the aquatic environment (Barreto et al, 2016).…”

Section: Kinetics Of Underwater Walkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Properties of Land Based and Shallow Water Wait: A Comparative Review of Literature

Yaghoubi¹,

Fink²,

Page³

et al. 2020

IJARE

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Aquatic locomotion exercises are frequently used in rehabilitation and cross-training for land-based athletes. Hydrostatic pressure, thermal conductivity and drag force affect a person's ability to move; therefore, it is important to understand differences of biomechanical gait in water vs land. This review investigated biomechanical differences between shallow water and land-based exercises. PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus and Scopus were searched; 33 studies included walking forward (27), backward (6) and running (6). Electromyographic amplitude was similar or less in submaximal intensity during aquatic gait, in comparison to on land. At maximal intensities, however, the amplitude was similar (n=5) or higher (n=4) in water than on land. Kinetic variables (i.e. ground reaction force, lower extremity joint moments) were reduced in water (about 30-35%), while kinematic variables varied between shallow water and land-based exercise. The research highlighted in this review provides a strong foundation for improving rehabilitation and research practices associated with aquatic activities.

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Reliability of ground reaction forces in the aquatic environment

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Land and Underwater Gait Analysis Using Wearable IMU

Land and Underwater Gait Analysis Using Wearable IMU

Prediction of ground reaction forces while walking in water

Biomechanical Properties of Land Based and Shallow Water Wait: A Comparative Review of Literature

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