Reliable and clinically applicable gait event classification using upper body motion in walking and trotting horses

Roepstorff, Christoffer; Dittmann, M.; Arpagaus, Samuel; Bragança, F. M. Serra; Hardeman, A. M.; Persson‐Sjodin, Emma; Roepstorff, L.; Gmel, Annik Imogen; Weishaupt, Michael A

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110146

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Stride speed was calculated by smoothed differentiation of the horizontal coordinates (x, y) of the reflective marker between the tubera sacrale. Gait events (hindlimb impact events) were detected in accordance with the method described by Roepstorff et al ( 48 ). These events were manually imported into Visual3D for stride segmentation of sEMG and kinematic data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation

et al. 2022

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The relationship between lameness-related adaptations in equine appendicular motion and muscle activation is poorly understood and has not been studied objectively. The aim of this study was to compare muscle activity of selected fore- and hindlimb muscles, and movement of the joints they act on, between baseline and induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness. Three-dimensional kinematic data and surface electromyography (sEMG) data from the fore- (triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi) and hindlimbs (superficial gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus) were bilaterally and synchronously collected from clinically non-lame horses (n = 8) trotting over-ground (baseline). Data collections were repeated during iFL and iHL conditions (2–3/5 AAEP), induced on separate days using a modified horseshoe. Motion asymmetry parameters and continuous joint and pro-retraction angles for each limb were calculated from kinematic data. Normalized average rectified value (ARV) and muscle activation onset, offset and activity duration were calculated from sEMG signals. Mixed model analysis and statistical parametric mapping, respectively, compared discrete and continuous variables between conditions (α= 0.05). Asymmetry parameters reflected the degree of iFL and iHL. Increased ARV occurred across muscles following iFL and iHL, except non-lame side forelimb muscles that significantly decreased following iFL. Significant, limb-specific changes in sEMG ARV, and activation timings reflected changes in joint angles and phasic shifts of the limb movement cycle following iFL and iHL. Muscular adaptations during iFL and iHL are detectable using sEMG and primarily involve increased bilateral activity and phasic activation shifts that reflect known compensatory movement patterns for reducing weightbearing on the lame limb. With further research and development, sEMG may provide a valuable diagnostic aid for quantifying the underlying neuromuscular adaptations to equine lameness, which are undetectable through human observation alone.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation

et al. 2022

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“…Kinematic data were analysed using custom‐made Matlab scripts (Matlab, The MathWorks, Inc.). Filtering (Butterworth high pass filter, cut‐off 70% of stride frequency) 20 and stride segmentation 21 were performed as described previously. Single strides were excluded if stride duration or tuber sacrale vertical range of motion (ROM) differed more than 20%, or if head vertical ROM differed more than 40% from measurement median.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movement asymmetries in horses presented for prepurchase or lameness examination

Hardeman

Egenvall

Bragança

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background:The increasing popularity of objective gait analysis makes application in prepurchase examinations (PPE) a logical next step. Therefore, there is a need to have more understanding of asymmetry during a PPE in horses described on clinical evaluation as subtly lame.Objectives: To objectively compare asymmetry in horses raising minor vet concerns in a PPE and in horses raising major vet concerns with that found in horses presented with subtle single-limb lameness, and to investigate the effect of age/discipline on the clinicians' interpretation of asymmetry on the classification of minor vet concerns in a PPE. Study design: Clinical case-series.Methods: Horses presented for PPE (n=98) or subjectively evaluated as single limb low-grade (1-2/5) lame (n=24, 13 forelimb lame, 11 hindlimb lame), from the patient population of a single clinic, were enrolled in the study provided that owners were willing to participate. Horses undergoing PPE were assigned a classification of having minor vet concerns (n=84) or major vet concerns (n=14) based on findings during the dynamic-orthopaedic part of the PPE. Lame horses were only included if pain-related lameness was confirmed by an objective improvement after diagnostic analgesia exceeding daily variation determined for equine symmetry parameters using optical motion capture. Clinical evaluation was performed by six different clinicians, each with ≥ 8 years of equine orthopaedic experience. Vertical movement symmetry was measured using optical motion capture, simultaneously with the orthopaedic examination. Data were analysed using previously described parameters and mixed model analysis and least squares means were used to calculate differences between groups.Results: There was no effect of age or discipline on the levels of asymmetry within PPE horses raising minor vet concerns. MinDiff and RUD of the head discriminated between forelimb lame and PPE horses raising minor vet concerns; MinDiff, MaxDiff, RUD of the Pelvis, HHDswing and Accepted ArticleThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved HHDstance did so for hindlimb lameness. Two lameness patterns differentiated both fore-and hindlimb lame from PPE horses with minor vet concerns: and + ℎ -+ -. Correcting for vertical range of motion enabled differentiation of PPE horses with minor ℎ vet concerns from PPE horses with major vet concerns. Main limitations: Objective data only based on trot on soft surface, limited number of PPE horses with major vet concerns. Conclusions: Combinations of kinematic parameters discriminate between PPE horses with minor vet concerns and subtly lame horses, though overlap exists.

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“…Kinematic data were analysed using custom-written Matlab scripts. Stride segmentation was done based on the vertical maxima for the tubera sacrale marker, and pelvis roll to determine left vs right hind limb stance 29 . For this purpose, data were filtered using a zero-lag Butterworth high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 70% of the stride frequency 30 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot

Byström

Hardeman

Bragança

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Work on curved tracks, e.g. on circles, is commonplace within all forms of horse training. Horse movements in circles are naturally asymmetric, including the load distribution between inner and outer limbs. Within equestrian dressage the horse is expected to bend the back laterally to follow the circle, but this has never been studied scientifically. In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface). Data from markers placed along the spine indicated increased lateral bending to the inside (e.g. left bending on the left circle) of the thoracolumbar back (difference left circle vs. straight − 3.75°; right circle + 3.61°) and the neck (left − 5.23°; right + 4.80° vs. straight). Lateral bending ROM increased on the circle (+ 0.87° and + 0.62°). Individual variation in straight-circle differences was evident, but each horse was generally consistent over multiple trials. Differences in back movements between circle and straight were generally small and may or may not be visible, but accompanying changes in muscle activity and limb movements may add to the visual impression.

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Reliable and clinically applicable gait event classification using upper body motion in walking and trotting horses

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation

Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation

Movement asymmetries in horses presented for prepurchase or lameness examination

Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot

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