Reliable detection of LSB steganography in color and grayscale images

Fridrich, Jessica; Goljan, Miroslav; Du, Rui

doi:10.1145/1232454.1232466

Cited by 497 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…By inspecting the inner structure of the LSBs, Fridrich and her colleagues [105] claimed to be able to extract hidden messages as short as 0.03bpp (bit per pixel). Xiangwei et al [32] stated that the LSB methods can result in the "pair effect" in the image histograms.…”

Section: Steganalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods

et al. 2010

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Steganography is the science that involves communicating secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio, and video files. It comes under the assumption that if the feature is visible, the point of attack is evident, thus the goal here is always to conceal the very existence of the embedded data. Steganography has various useful applications. However, like any other science it can be used for ill intentions. It has been propelled to the forefront of current security techniques by the remarkable growth in computational power, the increase in security awareness by, e.g., individuals, groups, agencies, government and through intellectual pursuit. Steganography's ultimate objectives, which are undetectability, robustness (resistance to various image processing methods and compression) and capacity of the hidden data, are the main factors that separate it from related techniques such as watermarking and cryptography. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review and analysis of the different existing methods of steganography along with some common standards and guidelines drawn from the literature. This paper concludes with some recommendations and advocates for the object-oriented embedding mechanism. Steganalysis, which is the science of attacking steganography, is not the focus of this survey but nonetheless will be briefly discussed.

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Section: Steganalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods

et al. 2010

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“…The earliest detector used the structure implicitly [1]; analysis of the effect of bit replacement on specific structural features was first given in [2] and extended in [4,5]. Further application, to large groups of pixels and replacement of two bit planes, can be found in [6,7].…”

Section: Steganalysis and Structural Steganalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structural detectors, which include (in increasing order of complexity) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], are easily the most sensitive. But their exposition can become complex, and the methods themselves are often based on dubious statistical principles (for example, assuming that all observations of random variables equal the expectation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fusion of Maximum Likelihood and Structural Steganalysis

Ker

2007

Information Hiding

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Abstract. This paper draws together two methodologies for the detection of bit replacement steganography: the principle of maximum likelihood, which is statistically well-founded but has lead to weak detectors in practice, and so-called structural detection, which is sensitive but lacks optimality and can suffer from complicated exposition. The key novelty is to extend structural analysis to include a hypothetical "pre-cover", from which the cover object is imagined to derive. Here, maximum likelihood detection is presented for three structural detectors. Although the algebraic derivation is long, and maximizing the likelihood function difficult in practice, conceptually the new detectors are reasonably simple. Experiments show that the new detectors are the best performers yet, very significantly so in the detection of replacement of multiple bit planes.

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“…Chandramouli et al [4] give a theoretical analysis of the maximal safe bit-rate for LSB embedding in the spatial domain. Recently, Fridrich et al [5,6] derived a more stringent estimate using dual statistics steganalysis.…”

Section: Overview Of Steganography and Steganalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Steganalysis of JPEG Images: Breaking the F5 Algorithm

Fridrich

Goljan

Hogea

2002

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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242

158

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Abstract. In this paper, we present a steganalytic method that can reliably detect messages (and estimate their size) hidden in JPEG images using the steganographic algorithm F5. The key element of the method is estimation of the cover-image histogram from the stego-image. This is done by decompressing the stego-image, cropping it by four pixels in both directions to remove the quantization in the frequency domain, and recompressing it using the same quality factor as the stego-image. The number of relative changes introduced by F5 is determined using the least square fit by comparing the estimated histograms of selected DCT coefficients with those of the stegoimage. Experimental results indicate that relative modifications as small as 10% of the usable DCT coefficients can be reliably detected. The method is tested on a diverse set of test images that include both raw and processed images in the JPEG and BMP formats. Overview of Steganography and SteganalysisSteganography is the art of invisible communication. Its purpose is to hide the very presence of communication by embedding messages into innocuous-looking cover objects. In today's digital world, invisible ink and paper have been replaced by much more versatile and practical covers for hiding messages -digital documents, images, video, and audio files. As long as an electronic document contains perceptually irrelevant or redundant information, it can be used as a "cover" for hiding secret messages. In this paper, we deal solely with covers that are digital images stored in the JPEG format.Each steganographic communication system consists of an embedding algorithm and an extraction algorithm. To accommodate a secret message, the original image, also called the cover-image, is slightly modified by the embedding algorithm. As a result, the stego-image is obtained.Steganalysis is the art of discovering hidden data in cover objects. As in cryptanalysis, we assume that the steganographic method is publicly known with the exception of a secret key. The method is secure if the stego-images do not contain any

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Reliable detection of LSB steganography in color and grayscale images

Cited by 497 publications

References 9 publications

Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods

Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods

A Fusion of Maximum Likelihood and Structural Steganalysis

Steganalysis of JPEG Images: Breaking the F5 Algorithm

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