Reliable in-plane velocity measurements with magnetic resonance velocity imaging

Noninvasive quantification of fluid mechanical energy losses in the total cavopulmonary connection with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

“…In contrast to the mechanical energy balance approach, the calculation of the VD does not require any pressure data; only the three spatial components of the fluid velocity vector are necessary. Magnetic resonance (MR) phase velocity mapping (PVM) [22] is currently the only established clinical technique to measure all three spatial components of the velocity vector in every volume element of an imaging slice, showing high in vitro and in vivo accuracy and precision [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The advantage of MR PVM to measure the three-directional blood velocity has enabled the generation of velocity vector maps in vitro and in vivo, showing (qualitatively) the fluid mechanical superiority of the TCPC over other connections and the importance of the presence of caval offset and flaring at the connection site [14,15,[33][34][35][36].…”