Reliable Link Level Routing Algorithm in Pipeline Monitoring Using Implicit Acknowledgements

Abstract

End-to-end reliability for Wireless Sensor Network communications is usually provided by upper stack layers. Furthermore, most of the studies have been related to star, mesh, and tree topologies. However, they rarely consider the requirements of the multi-hop linear wireless sensor networks, with thousands of nodes, which are universally used for monitoring applications. Therefore, they are characterized by long delays and high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient link level routing algorithm that provides end-to-end reliability into multi-hop wireless sensor networks with a linear structure. The algorithm uses implicit acknowledgement to provide reliability and connectivity with energy efficiency, low latency, and fault tolerance in linear wireless sensor networks. The proposal is validated through tests with real hardware. The energy consumption and the delay are also mathematically modeled and analyzed. The test results show that our algorithm decreases the energy consumption and minimizes the delays when compared with other proposals that also apply the explicit knowledge technique and routing protocols with explicit confirmations, maintaining the same characteristics in terms of reliability and connectivity.

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

“…Many SDC-MAC protocols for LSNs have been proposed in recent years (e.g., [17]- [21], [23]). These proposals take advantage of the assumption of having a linear or semi-linear topology to provide energy-efficient communications.…”

“…In [23], Acosta et al also analyze a WSN with linear topology. They propose an algorithm based on implicit ACK messages.…”

Distance-Based Queuing for Scalable and Reliable Linear Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

“…In [20,21], the authors analyze strictly linear WSNs, i.e., networks that consist of a single line of nodes (whereas in [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] the LWSN is assumed to be dense). The authors propose a routing algorithm that uses implicit acknowledgments to provide reliability and connectivity with energy efficiency, low latency, and fault tolerance.…”

“…Previous works from multiple research groups, including ours, have proposed energyefficient MAC protocols that take advantage of the fact that in LWSN data packets flow hop by hop from the node where the sensory data are generated towards the sink node located at one end of the network [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Despite the relevance of these works, they only focus on improving the overall network performance at the expense of the high packet loss probability (PLP) experienced by the data packets that have to travel through multiple relay nodes before reaching the sink.…”

Diagramas de estados para la conversión del protocolo MQTT-SN a MQTT utilizando UML

“…El Grupo de Investigación de Internet de Todas las Cosas de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, trabaja en la propuesta de una nueva arquitectura de red, sin la capa de red, para para ser utilizada en redes con topología lineal multisalto (Egas & Gil-Castiñeira, 2020), considerando que en topologías lineales no existe enrutamiento al existir un solo camino entre fuente y destino (Acosta et al, 2021). De igual manera, no existe conmutación en el nodo sensor inalámbrico debido a que tiene únicamente una interface por la cual recibe y transmite tramas.…”