Reliable phenotyping of esterase D by low voltage isoelectric focusing: Evidence for the new variant ESD Yamaguchi

Abstract

Low voltage isoelectric focusing (IEF) for the classification of esterase D (ESD) has been developed. This new phenotyping method is based on non-equilibrium IEF. The obtained patterns might be isotachophoretic because the ESD bands were concentrated sharply and the values of their isoelectric point (p4 were somewhat higher than those found by equilibrium IEF. The method proved to be fast, easy and reliable for the differentiation of the six phenotypes determined by three codominant alleles, ESD* 1, ESD*2 and ESD*7. The distribution of ESD phenotypes in Western Japan has been investigated and a new rare variant, ESD Yamaguchi (ESD Y), characterized by a slightly cathodal mobility to ESD 2, could be identified. The frequencies for the three alleles ESD* 1, ESD*2 and ESD*7 were 0.600,0.389 and 0.0 1 1, respectively.

Polymorphism of EsD by isoelectric focusing: Description of the new allele EsD*Kofu and phenotyping in bloodstains

“…The observed and expected numbers are in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg law. The EsD*7 frequency in the present sample (0.0103) is almost similar to that reported in a western part of Japan (0.0109) by Yuasa et al (1985b), but higher than that reported in a central part of Japan (0.008) by Nishigaki and Itoh (1984). The occurrence of the EsD*7 allele with relatively high frequency and the absence of the EsD*5 allele in Japanese suggest that this allele may be characteristic for Mongoloids.…”

“…Subsequent studies revealed the existence of a number of rare alleles in various populations: EsD*3 (Bender and Frank 1974), EsD*4 (Berg et al 1976), EsD*Mamelodi (Hitzeroth et al 1976), EsD*0 (Marks et al 1977), EsD*3Negrito (Omoto et al 1978), EsD*3-1 (Suzuki et al 1978), EsD*5 (Martin 1979), EsD*6 (Radam et al 1980), EsD*7 (Siege and Schwehn 1983), EsD*Copenhagen (Dissing and Eriksen 1984), EsD*Diisseldorf (Henke and Basler 1984), and EsD*Yamaguchi (Yuasa et al 1985b). Using isoelectric focusing, the EsD*5 allele was later shown to be relatively common in white people, while the EsD*7 allele was reported to occur with appreciable frequency in Japanese by Nishigaki and Itoh (1984).…”

Polymorphism of EsD by isoelectric focusing: Phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps, hair roots, and semen

“…We have shown previously that the low voltage isoelectric focusing method developed by Yuasa et al (1985aYuasa et al ( , 1985b) is simple, reliable, and suitable for phenotyping EsD in forensic stain analysis as well as in population studies (Komatsu 1985;Komatsu et al …”