Reliable simulation of metal surface penetration by lightning continuing currents

Zischank, W.; Drumm, Frank; Fisher, Richard J.; Schnetzer, G.H.; Morris, M.

doi:10.2172/102198

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A varistor is used to protect the LDC generator from the impulse voltage. The inductor L is used for both smoothing the LDC and acting as a decoupling impedance for the IVG [15,18]. On the other hand, the IVG is protected from the LDC flow using both an external sphere gap (SG) and a resistor R 3 .…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The indirect electrode is made of an 80%-tungsten/20%-copper alloy and has a rod shape with diameter and length of 20 mm and 60 mm, respectively. To enhance the stabilization of the arc root and to minimize the electrode jet effect, a ceramic cap with a restricting slit aperture (length ¼ 20 mm, width ¼ 10 mm) is directly mantled on the surface of the electrode [15,18]. Also, a mica sheet of 1 mm thickness and with a hole of 35 mm diameter is directly laid on the test sample and used as a restrictor of the arc.…”

Section: Test Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The air-gap spacing of 5 cm (measured between the surface of the test sample and the slit aperture of the ceramic cap) is kept constant throughout all the present tests. The test cell is mounted horizontally to eliminate the gravity effect on molten materials and unwanted upward draft of the hot arc [15,18]. Six identical aluminium rods 'current-return conductors', 12 mm in diameter and 70 cm in length, are hexagonally arranged and fixed on a test-sample-holder disc, on a periphery of a circle having a diameter of 55 cm.…”

Section: Test Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are: (1) either in-flight 'airborne' or landed aircraft, and rockets [4,7,6,11,13]; (2) munitions and nuclear weapons [14,15]; and (3) storage/collection tanks and pipelines of the petroleum/gas industries [16]. Also, there are other objects of interest in the results of the present work that can be affected by LDC in lightning flashes, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most dangerous case is the penetration of metallic barriers in a nuclear weapon due to a direct lightning strike [14,15]. Moreover, several explosions and fires in the petroleum and gas industries have recently been attributed to direct attachment of lightning strikes to the storage/collection tanks and pipelines, where discharge through the vapour phase causes an explosion hazard [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of the rear‐face temperature of metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents

Metwally

Heidler

Zischank

2004

Int Trans Elec Energy Syst

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SUMMARYThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the rear-face temperature rise of different metals struck by lightning long-duration currents on the front face. The experimental investigation simulates the heating effect of one current component of the natural lightning flashes that may strike in-flight or landed aircraft and rockets; munitions and nuclear weapons; and storage/collection tanks and pipelines of the petroleum/gas industries. In the case of a lightning strike the rear-face temperature rise must be less than certain limits to avoid catastrophic damage/accidents. A sophisticated high-speed infrared camera, having an image frequency of 50 Hz and a temperature range up to 1200 C, is used to measure the rear-face temperature profiles as a function of the coordinates and time. The results are interpreted in light of the optical observation of the arc motion, physical measurement of the spot diameter, and study of the energy balance at the cathode and anode spots. The results reveal that for constant charge transfer, lightning long-duration currents having higher amplitudes give a higher rear-face temperature rise and hence a higher risk of accidents. Both the maximum rear-face core temperature and the front-face spot diameter exponentially increase with the mean current amplitude. Moreover, the maximum rear-face core temperature varies exponentially with the charge and linearly with the action integral. Current injection with positive polarity of the test electrode gives a lower rear-face temperature for all metals used except for aluminium where the trend is reversed.

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Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of the rear‐face temperature of metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents

Metwally

Heidler

Zischank

2004

Int Trans Elec Energy Syst

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Numerical inversion analysis on front‐face temperature rise of Al alloy suffered from long continuing current in lightning

Liu

et al. 2018

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

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Experimental and analytical investigation on metal damage suffered from simulated lightning currents

Liu¹,

Fu²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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The damage of two typical metal materials, Al alloy 3003 and steel alloy Q235B, subjected to four representative lightning current components are investigated by laboratory and analytical studies to provide fundamental data for lightning protection. The four lightning components simulating the natural lightning consist of the first return stroke, the continuing current of interval stroke, the long continuing current, and the subsequent stroke, with amplitudes 200 kA, 8 kA, 400 A, and 100 kA, respectively. The damage depth and area suffered from different lightning components are measured by the ultrasonic scanning system. And the temperature rise is measured by the thermal imaging camera. The results show that, for both Al 3003 and steel Q235B, the first return stroke component results in the largest damage area with damage depth 0.02 mm uttermost. The long continuing current component leads to the deepest damage depth of 3.3 mm for Al 3003 and much higher temperature rise than other components. The correlation analysis between damage results and lightning parameters indicates that the damage depth has a positive correlation with charge transfer. The damage area is mainly determined by the current amplitude and the temperature rise increases linearly with the charge transfer larger.

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Reliable simulation of metal surface penetration by lightning continuing currents

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Measurement of the rear‐face temperature of metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents

Measurement of the rear‐face temperature of metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents

Numerical inversion analysis on front‐face temperature rise of Al alloy suffered from long continuing current in lightning

Experimental and analytical investigation on metal damage suffered from simulated lightning currents

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