“…Social factors, such as education, have been identified as improving access to electricity in developing countries (Apergis et al., 2022). A microeconomic literature highlights the importance of cultural factors, namely Protestantism (Churchill & Smyth, 2022), ethnic diversity (Koomson et al., 2022), race (Dogan et al., 2022), religiosity (Ampofo & Mabefam, 2021) and culture (Chaudhry & Shafiullah, 2021). Studies highlighting macroeconomic factors appear to be more numerous and emphasize the role of financial inclusion (Koomson & Danquah, 2021), financial development (Mohsin et al., 2022), foreign aid (Munyanyi & Churchill, 2022), government spending (Nguyen & Su, 2022), per capita income (Zhang et al., 2019), income inequality (Nguyen & Nasir, 2021) and most recently, foreign capital flows (Djeunankan et al., 2023; Nguea et al., 2022).…”