Remarks on Vaccination against Typhoid Fever

Wright, A. E.; Semple, David

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1883.256

Cited by 71 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Heat-killed and phenol-preserved typhoid vaccines have been in general use since their introduction by Almroth Wright, then Professor of Pathology at the Army Medical School, at the end of the last century (Wright & Semple, 1897). Details of the first two anti-typhoid inoculations in humans, published in the medical literature are recorded in the issue of the Lancet for 19 September 1896 (Wright, 1896).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chrome typhoid vaccine

Vella

1963

J. Hyg.

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1. Experimental typhoid vaccines, treated by 1% formalin and 0·02% chrome alum (KCr(SO4)2.12H2O), as suggested by Japanese workers were prepared and tested by the usual in vitro and in vivo tests.2. Agglutination tests, antibody production in rabbits, active and passive mouse protection tests confirm the stability of the Vi antigen of the vaccine, if properly stored, and the good protection afforded to laboratory animals in both the active and passive mouse protection tests.3. It is suggested that only a full-scale field trial in a typhoid endemic area can give the answer as to the real efficacy and/or superiority of the chrome vaccine over other typhoid vaccines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chrome typhoid vaccine

Vella

1963

J. Hyg.

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“…This era was marked by competition between French, German, and English workers to develop antibacterial vaccines. Inactivated vaccines against typhoid were first applied by Wright and Semple in England and Pfeiffer and Kolle in Germany (34,35). Humans were vaccinated against plague by Haffkine, using inactivated plague bacilli (36).…”

Section: Inactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of vaccination

Plotkin

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

529

360

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“…Current licensed typhoid vaccines include killed whole-cell vaccines, with a history going back to the 1890s (40), as well as the more recent Vi polysaccharide capsule subunit vaccine preparations (16,20). A major area of research over several decades has been directed at the development of live attenuated typhoid vaccines, of which the only licensed example is Ty21a, developed in the 1970s by using chemical random mutagenesis (10).…”

Section: ؉ T Cells and B Lymphocytes In The Spleen And Reduced Infiltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium trxA Mutants Are Protective against Virulent Challenge and Induce Less Inflammation than the Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain SL3261

et al. 2010

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In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, trxA encodes thioredoxin 1, a small, soluble protein with disulfide reductase activity, which catalyzes thiol disulfide redox reactions in a variety of substrate proteins. Thioredoxins are involved as antioxidants in defense against oxidative stresses, such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. We have made a defined, complete deletion of trxA in the mouse-virulent S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 (SL1344 trxA), replacing the gene with a kanamycin resistance gene cassette. SL1344 trxA was attenuated for virulence in BALB/c mice by the oral and intravenous routes and when used in immunization experiments provided protection against challenge with the virulent parent strain. SL1344 trxA induced less inflammation in murine spleens and livers than SL3261, the aroA mutant, live attenuated vaccine strain. The reduced splenomegaly observed following infection with SL1344 trxA was partially attributed to a reduction in the number of both CD4؉ and CD8 ؉ T cells and B lymphocytes in the spleen and reduced infiltration by CD11b؉ cells into the spleen compared with spleens from mice infected with SL3261. This less severe pathological response indicates that a trxA mutation might be used to reduce reactogenicity of live attenuated vaccine strains. We tested this by deleting trxA in SL3261. SL3261 trxA was also less inflammatory than SL3261 but was slightly less effective as a vaccine strain than either the SL3261 parent strain or SL1344 trxA.

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Remarks on Vaccination against Typhoid Fever

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Chrome typhoid vaccine

Chrome typhoid vaccine

History of vaccination

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium trxA Mutants Are Protective against Virulent Challenge and Induce Less Inflammation than the Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain SL3261

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