“…In general, persulfate activation refers to the use of energy or specific reagents to cause generation of the sulfate radical (SO 4 •− ) and/or hydroxyl radical (HO •− ) in sufficient quantities for contaminant degradation. Common persulfate activation methods include heating (Lee et al, 2012; Liang, et al, 2003; Liang and Bruell, 2008; Ghauch et al, 2012; Johnson et al, 2008), UV irradiation, ultrasonication (Wang and Liang, 2014), electrochemical activation (Yuan and Liao, 2014), transition metal amendment (Liang and Lee, 2008; Liang et al, 2004; Buxton et al, 1997), and base activation (Furman et al, 2010; Liang et al, 2007; Liang and Guo, 2012). Heat, base, and ferrous iron activation are the methods that are currently used for field ISCO applications (Block et al, 2004).…”