“…Globally, the increasing human population and economic growth, combined with advanced technologies, industrialization, and domestic and agricultural activities, have resulted in the massive generation of waste. [1][2][3] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic organic compounds that have multiple benzene ring structures and are released into the environment by domestic heating, traffic, oil reneries, and industrial processes. [4][5][6] They are hazardous complex mixtures, bioaccumulative and semi-volatile, and persistently stockpile in the environment (soil, air, sediments, water, etc.).…”