Remembering to Remember: An Examination of the Cognitive Processes Underlying Prospective Memory ☆

Anderson, Francis; McDaniel, Mark A.; Einstein, Gilles O.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21049-3

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Prospective memory encompasses the ability to remember to initiate an action in the future (Anderson et al, 2017). The prospective memory action may be related to a specific event (e.g., when you see this person, give him a particular object) or time (e.g., at 5 p.m. perform a particular task).…”

Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prospective memory action may be related to a specific event (e.g., when you see this person, give him a particular object) or time (e.g., at 5 p.m. perform a particular task). Attentional control processes, executive functioning, the difficulty of the filler/distractor tasks, the length of the delay between encoding the intention to perform a task and the presentation of the stimulus-cue, as well as the length of the ongoing task, all affect prospective memory ability (Anderson et al, 2017). Therefore, the VR-EAL scenarios need to incorporate both types of prospective memory actions and consider the length and difficulty of the distractor tasks and delays, as well as attentional and executive functioning.…”

Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main theoretical frameworks of prospective memory are the preparatory attentional and memory (PAM) and the multiprocess (MP) theories (Anderson et al, 2017). The PAM theory suggests that performing prospective memory tasks efficiently requires a constant top-down monitoring for environmental and internal cues in order to recall the intended action and perform it (Smith, 2003;Smith et al, 2007).…”

Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Guidelines for the Development of Immersive Virtual Reality Software for Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology: The Development of Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), a Neuropsychological Test Battery in Immersive Virtual Reality

Kourtesis

Korre

Collina

et al. 2020

Front. Comput. Sci.

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Virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) appear to be effective research tools, which may address the problem of ecological validity in neuropsychological testing. However, their widespread implementation is hindered by VR induced symptoms and effects (VRISE) and the lack of skills in VR software development. This study offers guidelines for the development of VR software in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, by describing and discussing the stages of the development of Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), the first neuropsychological battery in immersive VR. Techniques for evaluating cognitive functions within a realistic storyline are discussed. The utility of various assets in Unity, software development kits, and other software are described so that cognitive scientists can overcome challenges pertinent to VRISE and the quality of the VR software. In addition, this pilot study attempts to evaluate VR-EAL in accordance with the necessary criteria for VR software for research purposes. The VR neuroscience questionnaire (VRNQ; Kourtesis et al., 2019b) was implemented to appraise the quality of the three versions of VR-EAL in terms of user experience, game mechanics, in-game assistance, and VRISE. Twenty-five participants aged between 20 and 45 years with 12-16 years of full-time education evaluated various versions of VR-EAL. The final version of VR-EAL achieved high scores in every sub-score of the VRNQ and exceeded its parsimonious cut-offs. It also appeared to have better in-game assistance and game mechanics, while its improved graphics substantially Kourtesis et al. VR Research Software Development increased the quality of the user experience and almost eradicated VRISE. The results substantially support the feasibility of the development of effective VR research and clinical software without the presence of VRISE during a 60-min VR session.

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Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Guidelines for the Development of Immersive Virtual Reality Software for Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology: The Development of Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), a Neuropsychological Test Battery in Immersive Virtual Reality

Kourtesis

Korre

Collina

et al. 2020

Front. Comput. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to perform an intended action at a specific time or event in the future (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990). In recent years, much basic research has been devoted to understanding the cognitive processes that underlie successful PM retrieval and performance (see Anderson, McDaniel, & Einstein, 2017, for a current review). Much less research, however, has focused on how PM operates outside of the laboratory, partially due to the methodological problems presented by naturalistic memory research in general and by the unique challenges of PM in particular.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hey buddy, why don’t we take it outside: An experience sampling study of prospective memory

Anderson

McDaniel

2018

Mem Cogn

Self Cite

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Relatively little research has focused on how prospective memory (PM) operates outside of the laboratory, partially due to the methodological problems presented by naturalistic memory research in general and by the unique challenges of PM in particular. Experience sampling methods (ESM) offer a fruitful avenue for this type of research, as recent work from Gardner and Ascoli (Psychology and Aging, 30, 209-219, 2015) has shown. They found that people thought about PM around 15% of the time, and that future thinking was more common than past thinking. In two studies, we replicated our own findings and those reported by Gardner and Ascoli. To summarize, people think about the future more often than the past (30% compared to 13%), and PM occupies our thoughts approximately 13-15% of the time, supporting claims made by some researchers that our episodic memory systems are forward-looking (Klein in Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 222-234, 2013). Of those PM thoughts, participants reported that 61% were internally cued, rather than externally triggered. Through the use of multi-level modeling, we additionally found that PM thoughts were more likely when the respondant was alone than with people, and earlier in the day. Finally, we found that participants higher in neuroticism were more likely to report thinking of PM, and that this was driven entirely by the anxiety facet. Most generally, we hope to have demonstrated the value of ESM to help researchers investigate and understand naturalistic PM.

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“…One major area of research in PM has been to explain how individuals choose and change strategies in response to variable environmental demands 45 . Guynn 11,46 proposed that PM performance is in part supported by two dissociable components of proactive control: an all-or-nothing sustained prospective intention component and a more flexible prospective monitoring component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive flexibility improves memory for delayed intentions

Koslov¹,

Mukerji²,

Hedgpeth³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Cognitive control involves the allocation of cognitive resources in order to successfully navigate and interact with the world. Oftentimes, control involves balancing the demands brought on by performing immediately relevant tasks and those required in order to perform future intended actions. For example, directing attention towards navigating through traffic on a highway while also needing to remember to exit the freeway at a particular street. This ability to delay execution of a goal until the appropriate time in the future is referred to as prospective memory (PM). The dual mechanisms of cognitive control (DMC) framework posits that individuals can use two different strategies to remember an intended action: a proactive control strategy involving working memory maintenance of the goal and monitoring of the environment, or a reactive control strategy relying on timely retrieval of goal information from episodic memory. Previous research on prospective memory has demonstrated that performance improves when individuals engage these control strategies in accordance with the demands of the task environment. However, it is unclear how people select a control strategy, particularly in situations with dynamic task demands. We hypothesized that if people flexibly adapt their strategy in response to changes in the environment, this should facilitate prospective memory. Across two experiments, we asked participants to identify the reappearance of a picture target (a prospective memory intention) while at the same time performing an ongoing visual search task. The attentional demands of the ongoing task were manipulated to monotonically increase or decrease on a moment to moment basis. The selection of control strategies was identified using reaction time costs and neural measures of intention maintenance. Results showed that people fluidly modified control strategies, shifting towards proactive control when the attentional demands decreased, and shifting towards reactive control when attentional demands increased. Critically, these adaptive shifts in control strategy were associated with better prospective memory performance. These results demonstrate that fine-grained control of attention and memory resources serves an adaptive role for remembering to carry out future plans.

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Remembering to Remember: An Examination of the Cognitive Processes Underlying Prospective Memory ☆

Cited by 29 publications

References 60 publications

Guidelines for the Development of Immersive Virtual Reality Software for Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology: The Development of Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), a Neuropsychological Test Battery in Immersive Virtual Reality

Guidelines for the Development of Immersive Virtual Reality Software for Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology: The Development of Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), a Neuropsychological Test Battery in Immersive Virtual Reality

Hey buddy, why don’t we take it outside: An experience sampling study of prospective memory

Cognitive flexibility improves memory for delayed intentions

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