“…The nature of local authorities differs. Conflicts such as the Chad Basin (Roitman, 2001), the Ituri province conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers, 2004), and the onset of the crisis in northern Mali in 2011 all followed similar trajectories where the withering away of the state allowed local elites to replace state authority (Blattman and Miguel, 2010;Justino, 2012;Justino, Brück and Verwimp, 2013;Kalyvas, 2003Kalyvas, , 2008. In parts of Africa and the Middle East, a "rentier political marketplace", as described by de Waal, is a particular challenge (de Waal, 2014).…”