“…External validity for the SAP is supported by the notion that the laboratory correlates of SAP behavior parallel those observed for extralaboratory ("real-world") self-injurious behaviors, including compromised 5-HT functioning (McCloskey et al, 2009), benzodiazepine consumption (Berman et al, 2005), alcohol intoxication (Berman, Bradley, et al, 2009;McCloskey & Berman, 2003), history of depression (McCloskey, Gollan, & Berman, 2008), and model effects (Berman & Walley, 2003;Sloan, Berman, Zeigler-Hill, & Bullock, 2009). In the absence of predisposing conditions (e.g., social influences, suicidal history, alcohol intoxication) the 20 shock is rarely selected.…”