Remodeling of microbiota gut-brain axis using psychobiotics in depression

Palepu, Mani Surya Kumar; Dandekar, Manoj P.

doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175171

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Several chronic neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system have been associated with the polarization of microglia towards a proinflammatory phenotype; these are characterized generally by a change in the shape of the cells and by increased expression of iNOS, as well as an increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The interconnections of gut microbiota perturbation with CNS disorders have been well-documented in recent times, as well as the real and/or putative interactions with the immune system [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Furthermore, the direct impact of gut microbiota on the functions of microglial cells has been shown [ 39 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interconnections of gut microbiota perturbation with CNS disorders have been well-documented in recent times, as well as the real and/or putative interactions with the immune system [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Furthermore, the direct impact of gut microbiota on the functions of microglial cells has been shown [ 39 , 42 ]. Activated microglial cells play a central role in the development of many CNS diseases, including depression, AD, and PD [ 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

et al. 2022

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Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The importance of gut-brain axis has been uncovered and the relevance of an appropriate microbiota balance has been highlighted. Probiotic treatment, rebalancing the gut microbioma, may reduce inflammation. We show that Milmed yeast, obtained from S. cerevisiae after exposure to electromagnetic millimeter wavelengths, induces a reversal of LPS-M1 polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated morphologically by the recovery of resting phenotype by microglia, by the decrease in the mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and in the expression of iNOS. Moreover, Milmed stimulated the secretion of IL-10 and the expression of Arginase-1, cell markers of M2 anti-inflammatory polarized cells. The present findings data suggest that Milmed may be considered to be a probiotic with diversified anti-inflammatory activity, capable of directing the polarization of microglial cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

et al. 2022

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“…Conventionally, depression is viewed as a mental disease with physiological dysbiosis such as unbalanced neurotransmitters and neuronal circuitry, impaired neurogenesis, declined neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation ( 7 – 9 ). Recently, growing studies identified the detrimental role of disturbed microbiota-gut-brain axis in the etiology of depression and that strategies targeting to restore the balance of this axis, namely probiotics, exert a curative effect on depression ( 10 – 12 ). The gut microbiota (GM), the gut, and the brain interact with one another reciprocally through various routes including the vagus nerve (VN) ( 13 , 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognizing the role of the vagus nerve in depression from microbiota-gut brain axis

Tan¹,

Yan

et al. 2022

Front. Neurol.

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Depression is a worldwide disease causing severe disability, morbidity, and mortality. Despite abundant studies, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression remain elusive. Recently, cumulate research suggests that a disturbance of microbiota-gut-brain axis may play a vital role in the etiology of depression while correcting this disturbance could alleviate depression symptoms. The vagus nerve, linking brain and gut through its afferent and efferent branches, is a critical route in the bidirectional communication of this axis. Directly or indirectly, the vagus afferent fibers can sense and relay gut microbiota signals to the brain and induce brain disorders including depression. Also, brain changes in response to stress may result in gut hyperpermeability and inflammation mediating by the vagal efferents, which may be detrimental to depression. Notably, vagus nerve stimulation owns an anti-inflammatory effect and was proved for depression treatment. Nevertheless, depression was accompanied by a low vagal tone, which may derive from response to stress and contribute to pathogenesis of depression. In this review, we aim to explore the role of the vagus nerve in depression from the perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, highlighting the relationship among the vagal tone, the gut hyperpermeability, inflammation, and depression.

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“…Because of the clear link between the gut microbiota and the brain, probiotics provide a plausible interventional modality for psychiatric and neurological disorders (Hutchinson et al, 2020;Palepu and Dandekar, 2022). Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" (Hill et al, 2014, p. 507).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the state of the art of probiotics as clinical modalities for brain–gut–microbiota axis associated disorders

Wiegers

Veerman²,

Brummer³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The rise in prevalence of mental and neurological disorders is causing a high burden on society, however adequate interventions are not always available. The brain–gut–microbiota axis (BGMA) may provide a new angle for the development of clinical modalities. Due to the intricate bi-directional signaling between the brain and the gut, it may be helpful to look into interventions that target the gut, such as probiotics. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the state of the art of probiotics and their potential as clinical modalities for BGMA-associated indications by gaining insight into patents and clinical trials that have been applied for and executed since 1999. A total of 565 patents and 390 clinical trials were found, focusing on probiotic applications for 83 indications. Since the start of the 21st century, the highest numbers of patents and clinical trials were related to primary neuropsychological, affective (depression, anxiety) and cognitive disorders, neurodegenerative and/or inflammatory brain disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amongst others), and gastrointestinal disorders (irritable bowel syndrome). The locations where the most patents and clinical trials were registered included China, the United States, and Iran. From 1999 to ~2013 a slight growth could be seen in the numbers of patents and clinical trials, followed by an almost exponential growth from ~2013 onwards. Overall, the developments of the state of the art were in accordance with previous research, however it appeared that clinical trials showed a slightly slower growth compared to patents, which may have implications for the future implementation of probiotics as clinical modalities for BGMA-associated indications.

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Remodeling of microbiota gut-brain axis using psychobiotics in depression

Cited by 27 publications

References 170 publications

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Recognizing the role of the vagus nerve in depression from microbiota-gut brain axis

Reviewing the state of the art of probiotics as clinical modalities for brain–gut–microbiota axis associated disorders

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