Remote control

Hoag, Hannah

doi:10.1038/423796a

Cited by 38 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…At least one ethicist has advised researchers involved in developing neurotechnology to decline military funding if the potential military uses are considered objectionable [45].…”

Section: Forensic Security and Military Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics in fMRI Studies*

Seixas¹,

Basto

2008

Clin Neuroradiol

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has surfaced as a powerful method to study brain function in humans. While the involvement of neuroradiologists in fMRI studies in the clinical setting is obvious, in neuroscience research most of the investigators are not specialists trained in reading brain images. Advances in neuroimaging are increasingly intersecting with issues of ethical, legal, and social interest. Debate on fMRI is starting, mainly under the impetus of a new interdisciplinary field, neuroethics. The objective of this review is to bring forth reflection and discussion about ethical issues regarding fMRI, with emphasis to the perspective of the neuroradiologist. EMBASE® and MEDLINE® were searched for articles pertaining to ethics in fMRI, between 1991 and 2007. A total of 42 articles were retrieved, 95% published in the last 6 years. Only 10% were published in radiology journals. The major potential ethical issues identified in the reviewed articles concerned recruitment of vulnerable groups; informed consent; incidental findings; limitations of the technique, interpretation and validity of results; risks and safety; confidentiality and privacy; fMRI applications outside the laboratory (presurgical planning; diagnostic and predictive potential; forensic, security, military and commercial use); and public communication of research results. Not all the identified issues in this review were directly relevant to neuroradiologists in particular, but for sure some did. Neuroradiologists must find the time and energy to have an important role in identifying and solving ethical (and related) issues in fMRI, working in collaboration with ethicists, social scientists, clinicians, neuroscience researchers, patients, healthy volunteers, journalists, marketers, lawyers, and policy makers. ZusammenfassungDie funktionale Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) hat sich als überzeugende Methode zum Studium der menschlichen Gehirnfunktion erwiesen. Während das Engagement der Neuroradiologen bei fMRI-Studien im klinischen Rahmen auf der Hand liegt, sind die meisten Forscher in der Neurowissenschaft keine Fachleute für die Auswertung der Bildgebung des Gehirns. Die Fortschritte in der Neuroradiologie tangieren zunehmend ethische, rechtliche und soziale Interessen. Es gibt bereits Diskussionen über fMRI, hauptsächlich vor dem Hintergrund eines neuen interdisziplinären Fachgebiets, der Neuroethik. Ziel dieser Übersicht ist es, Überlegungen und Diskussionen über ethische Fragen hinsichtlich der fMRT anzustellen, mit Betonung der Perspektive des Neuroradiologen. EMBASE® und MEDLINE® wurden nach Artikeln durchsucht, welche in der Zeit zwischen 1991 und 2007 erschienen sind und sich auf die Ethik in der fMRT beziehen. Insgesamt fanden sich 42 Artikel, von denen 95% in den letzten 6 Jahren publiziert wurden. Lediglich 10% der Artikel sind in radiologischen Fachzeitschriften erschienen. Die in den untersuchten Artikeln identifizierten wichtigsten, potentiell ethischen Fragen betrafen die Rekrutierung gefährdeter Gruppen, Patiente...

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“…At least one ethicist has advised researchers involved in developing neurotechnology to decline military funding if the potential military uses are considered objectionable [45].…”

Section: Forensic Security and Military Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics in fMRI Studies*

Seixas¹,

Basto

2008

Clin Neuroradiol

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“…Is there a need for tighter regulation and, if so, what form might this take? Such questions predictably elicit strongly polarized views when they are aired in debates, seminars and conferences or in the mainstream literature [137][138][139] .…”

Section: Ethical Implications For Neuroscientistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The warrior in the machine: neuroscience goes to war

Tracey

Flower

2014

Nat Rev Neurosci

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Ever since Stone Age men discovered that knapping flint produced sharp stone edges that could be used in combat as well as for cooking and hunting, technological advances of all kinds have been adapted and adopted by the military.The opportunities provided by modern neuroscience are proving no exception, but their application in a military context is accompanied by complex practical and ethical considerations.

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“…2 Yet as the discussion by Eran Klein et al makes clear, science fiction is fast becoming reality as scientists and engineers seek to develop new ways of directly accessing and controlling our brains through brain-computer and even brain-tobrain interfaces. 3 If such research is to receive continuing public approval and support-and not invite opposition-it must anticipate the special ethical challenges it creates.…”

Section: Another Voicementioning

confidence: 98%

Neural Technologies: The Ethics of Intimate Access to the Mind

Green¹

2015

Hastings Center Report

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Science fiction is fast becoming reality as scientists and engineers seek to develop new ways of directly accessing and controlling our brains through brain‐computer and even brain‐to‐brain interfaces. If such research is to receive continuing public approval and support—and not invite opposition—it must anticipate the special ethical challenges it creates. By pointing to some of the acute concerns raised by neural engineering technologies—around issues of identity, normality, authority, responsibility, privacy, and justice—Eran Klein and colleagues model and stimulate the kind of reflection that will be needed as new brain technologies are developed. And yet, as I read their informative discussion, I find myself asking even more questions. One concerns the ethical novelty of these technologies. For example, in terms of questions of identity, normality, responsibility, and authority, how different is deep brain stimulation from the potent psychiatric drugs that have been administered for decades? How different in terms of issues of liability associated with malfunction or misuse are brain‐computer interfaces from other complex devices now routinely in use? Neither ethics nor law will have to rethink things from scratch as new neural devices and capabilities are introduced: the groundwork for answering some of these questions has already been laid in a variety of fields from bioethics, to health and product liability law. Nevertheless, I conclude that there are new questions here. It is not simply the fact that neural technologies pose questions of identity, privacy, and the like but that they do so with a degree of intensity that creates qualitatively new challenges.

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Remote control

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Ethics in fMRI Studies*

Ethics in fMRI Studies*

The warrior in the machine: neuroscience goes to war

Neural Technologies: The Ethics of Intimate Access to the Mind

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