“…For device integration − and optical detection, ,− GNRs grown on coinage metal surfaces are needed to transfer onto insulating substrates, which can be reliably achieved following the electrochemical bubbling method ,, for the AGNRs. However, they still suffer from the oxidation of the more reactive zigzag edges , and the GNR alignment. − With the recent encouraging progress on the development of transfer techniques after solution synthesis, such as the direct contact transfer, , electrospray deposition, and matrix-assisted direct transfer, and also direct growth on alloy substrates, , semiconducting oxide surfaces, , and growth of second-layer topological GNRs, we envision that more designer GNRs structures modulated with periodic heterogeneities will be fabricated, presenting the intrinsic properties. By applying the joint in situ characterization strategies with state-of-the-art multifunctional tip-based techniques, the elucidation of structure–function relations will be greatly promoted, which should in turn guide the designs of precursor molecules and reaction pathways toward GNRs with diverse functionalities.…”