Removal of Acetaminophen Residues from Wastewater by Bulk Liquid Membrane Process

Abstract

The removal of Anit-Inflammatory drugs, namely; Acetaminophen (ACTP), from wastewater by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) process using Aliquat 336 (QCl) as a carrier was investigated. The effects of several parameters on the extraction efficiency were studied in this research, such as the initial feed phase concentration (10-50) ppm of ACTP, stripping phase (NaCl) concentration (0.3,0.5,0.7 M), temperature (30-50oC), the volume ratio of feed phase to membrane phase (200-400ml/80ml), agitation speed of the feed phase (75-125 rpm), membrane stirring speed (0, 100, 150 rpm), carrier concentration (1, 5, 9 wt%), the pH of feed (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), and solvent type (CCl4 and n-Heptane). The study shows that high extraction efficiency for ACTP of about 97% was achieved by a bulk liquid membrane at 50 ppm initial concentration of feed; stirring speed of feed phase 130 rpm; stirring speed of membrane phase 100rpm; 0.5 M NaCl concentration; carrier concentration 1wt%; volume ratio of 200ml feed:80ml membrane; feed pH of ACTP is 6, and 50˚C. The transport kinetics was evaluated using a kinetic model with two consecutive first-order irreversible reactions. The kinetics of (ACTP) transport by bulk liquid membrane was investigated at the best experimental conditions. The activation energy values of the extraction and stripping processes were 1.733 and 1.826 kJ.mol−1. The activation energy confirms that the transport process from solutions is controlled by diffusion.

Flotation of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater Using Air Micro-Bubbles

“…the permissible limit of cadmium ions Cd(II), according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is 0.005 mg/L [8]. Exceeding the recommended level can lead to serious infection, so treatment method for waste depends on various factors, like waste characteristics, contaminant concentration, cleanup needed and treatment costs [9]. Flotation is a separation method that is extensively utilized in various industries due to its high efficiency.…”

Supported Liquid Membranes for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Aqueous Solutions

“…The removal efficiency was about 90 % in the first 15 min for ibuprofen and its metabolite. Acetaminophen an antipyretic and analgesic drug, was extracted as well by bulk liquid membrane with ionic extractant Aliquat 336 [22]. In this research, the initial feed phase concentration, stripping phase, concentration of NaCl, temperature, pH, the volume ratio of feed phase to membrane phase, agitation speed, carrier concentration, solvent type were varied to select the best conditions and high extraction efficiency of 97 % was achieved at the best experimental conditions [22].…”

“…Diclofenac([2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]aceticacid) and ibuprofen (methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid) are typical representatives of analgesic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical compounds (NSAIDs).these types of drugs are easily accessible and sold over the counter [19].Traces of diclofenac are found in the effluent of water and was listed in the European first watch substances list [23] and for ibuprofen was found in sewage treatment plants effluents and surface water at concentrations ranging from 600 to 85,000 ng/L in parts of Europe, Canada, and USA [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In addition to anti-inflammatory, the emergence of psychiatric drugs in drinking water has garnered a lot of scientific interest, particularly with regard to the effects of longterm exposure.…”