Removal of Acid Red 88 Using Activated Carbon Produced from Pomelo Peels by KOH Activation: Orthogonal Experiment, Isotherm, and Kinetic Studies

Abstract

Activated carbon (PPAC) from pomelo peels was prepared by carbonization and KOH activation. The performance of PPAC was assessed by removing acid red 88 (AR88) in aqueous solution. The most suitable activation processes were found by orthogonal experiments, aimed to achieve the maximum of removal capacity of AR88. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of adsorption were studied through the results of characterization, isotherm fitting, and kinetics simulation. Results showed the preparation parameter that mattered the most to AR88 removal efficiency was the activation temperature of PPAC, followed by impregnation ratio and activation time. The optimal preparation conditions of PPAC were at activation temperature 800°C, activation time 90 min, and impregnation ratio 2.5 : 1. The characterization results showed optimal PPAC had a microporous and amorphous carbon structure whose BET specific area and total pore volume were 2504 m2/g and 1.185 cm3/g, respectively. The isotherm fitting demonstrated that the sorption process followed the Langmuir model, and theoretical maximal sorption value was 1486 mg/g. The kinetics simulation showed that the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption behavior better, suggesting chemisorption seemed to be the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. This work presented that PPAC was a promising and efficient adsorbent for AR88 from water.

Modification, Production, and Methods of KOH‐Activated Carbon

“…To fully comprehend the mechanism, thermodynamics, desorption studies, and spectroscopic analyses are also needed. As a re- Acetone removal 363-472 a) [190] Acid red 88 1486 a) [192] Supercapacitor material 449 c) and 92 b) [195] Supercapacitor material 297 c) [196] a) mg g -1 maximum sorption capacity, b) percent efficiency, n.a -not available, c) F g -1 specific capacitance, d) mmol g -1 sorption capacity sult, we accomplished our discussion on the adsorbate adsorption process using this entire body of research reports.…”

“…[4] Sewage sludge/corn straw 1 n.a 3:7:0-10 3 M HCl < 0.5 mm N 2 [7] Aerogel 3 n.a n.a n.a n.a N 2 [49] Kraft lignin KL 2 6.0-7.0 1:1-4 Hot distilled H 2 O n.a N 2 [57] Coconut leaves 1 7.0 1:1 3 M HCl 150-212 mm n.a [8] Peach stone 2 7.0 1:1, 3 0.1 M HCl n.a Steam/N 2 [10] Coconut carbon electrodes 1 n.a n.a 12 M HNO 3 n.a N 2 [69] Tobacco stem 1 6.5-7.0 n.a 0.1 mol HCl n.a N 2 [11] Tobacco stem 1.5 7.0 1:1 1 M HCl n.a N 2 [12] Polymer waste fullerene 1 n.a 1:1-5 0.5 N HCl n.a N 2 [70] Waste rubber tires 2 n.a 1:4 0.1 M HCl n.a N 2 [28] Thevetia peruviana shells 2 n.a 1:2 4 N HCl n.a N 2 [1] MWCNTs 2 n.a 1:5 Distilled H 2 O n.a n.a [19] n.a -not available. Corn cobs 1 6.0-7.0 1:0.5-4 0.1 mol HCl 0.18-0.42 mm N 2 [16] Rubber seed shells 2 7.0 150 g/500 mL n.a 1 mm N 2 [13] Lignin paper making black liquor 2.5 n.a 1:0.5-4 1 M HCl 420 mm N 2 [41] Gulfweed 3 7.0 3:4.5 0.1 M HCl n.a N 2 [9] MgO template porous carbon 3 n.a 1:1 n.a n.a N 2 [52] MWCNTs 2 n.a 1:6 1 M HCl n.a Ar [20] Coal 2 n.a 1:4 20 % HCl, 25 % HF n.a N 2 [71] Robusta coffee grounds 1 n.a 2:1 0.1 N HCl 300-500 mm N 2 /CO 2 [15] Walnut shell 1 n.a 1:2 n.a 0.5 mm N 2 [17] Olive cake 3 n.a 1:4 0.05 M HCl n.a n.a [75] Petroleum coke 1 n.a 1:2 10 % HCl n.a N 2 [44] Coffee shell n.a 6.0-7.0 1:1-5 0.1 M HCl 3 mm n.a [58] [190] Olive pomace 560, 700, 840 2 7 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 1 M HCl n.a N 2 [191] Pomelo peel 650-800 1.5 7 1:1-2.5:1 0.1 M HCl n.a N 2 [192] Garlic peel 400-700 2 7 4:1 0.1 M HCl n.a N 2 [193] Corn cob carbon 400 0.5 7 n.a 1 M HCl/absolute ethanol n.a N 2 [194] Coconut shell carbon 800 4 6-7 1:1-1:3 0.2 M HCl n.a N 2 [195] Agave tequilana plant 800 1 7 1:2-1:4 0.01 M HCl n.a N 2 [196] Castor shell 800 2 7 2 M:4 g 2 M HCl n.a N 2…”

Immobilization of Bacillus subtilis in biohybrid crosslink chitosan-glutaraldehyde for acid red 88 dye removal: Box–Behnken design optimization and mechanism study

“…An example of an organic dye commonly disposed of by the textile sector is acid red 88 (AR88) [2]. This dye is mainly utilized for coloring textile materials, wool, silk, nylon, and leather [3]. This dye, which can dissolve in water, can break down and produce several by-products.…”

Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Safranine Using Activated Carbon of Cinnamon Plant Surface.

“…After a dying process, a large amount of dye wastewater is generated and released into the environment [3]. Unfortunately, about 12% of synthetic dyes are lost during manufacturing and processing, and approximately 20% of them enter industrial wastewater [4]. Dyes wastewater seriously threat the ecological system and human health because many of the dye wastewater are difficult to treat and are very strongly oncogenic [5][6][7].…”