Removal of Air from Water Lines by Hydraulic Means

Wisner, Paul; Kouwen, N.; Mohsen, Farrukh

doi:10.1061/jyceaj.0004201

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, most studies investigating the movement of air bubbles in water quality rely on experimental analyses. Wisner et al [41] identified two possible techniques for eliminating air bubbles from spillways: sweeping, which entails achieving a critical water velocity to completely remove air bubbles, and generation and drag, which involves utilizing a hydraulic jump to displace the air and eliminate large air bubbles at the end.…”

Section: Figure 14 Critical Velocity Versus Conduit Inclinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Detrimental Effects of Air Bubbles in Shaft Spillways: A Literature Review

Abdul-Sahib,

Alfatlawi

2024

I2M

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The air is trapped in spillways, pipelines, conduits, and channels which leads to air-water flow and the accumulation of air bubbles that can form large air pockets. These air pockets can cause significant structural failures due to the dynamic consequences they induce. Consequently, this paper investigates the incidents and events that occur due to air pocket formation and measures and strategies to mitigate these issues. The investigation was conducted independently based on a literature review. The literature review focused on interpreting the mechanisms involved in the production of air bubbles and air pockets in pipelines. The research comprehensively examined all occurrences and adverse outcomes associated with the formation of air pockets, including the slug flow phenomena, air entrainment, and air blowout incidents. Moreover, this study reviewed all measures and strategies to mitigate the consequences resulting from air bubbles, such as slug flow management, air management techniques, air pocket explosion, and air entrainment. The results of the literature review showed a lack of predictions of air pocket consequences. Furthermore, the majority of the research conducted relies on prior datasets, observations, and experimental tests. However, these studies are unable to adequately demonstrate the limitations associated with the occurrence of air pockets in hydraulic structures. This is mostly owing to the challenges and constraints in managing the boundary conditions within physical models. Also, all experimental studies addressed the air pocket formation only in pipelines, and there was a lack of studies on the consequences of air pockets in hydraulic structures such as spillways and tunnel systems. Additionally, there was a lack of studies that address CFD techniques using developed software such as ANSYS; these techniques have proven their abilities to predict several consequences caused by air pockets. CFD techniques can simulate any complex problem correlated to air pocket events. This study can address air pocket consequences in any hydraulic structure: Morning Glory spillways, key piano spillways, and drop shaft spillways. Furthermore, this technique can adopt various parameters and extend measures and strategies to mitigate air pocket formation in hydraulic structures. The paper recommends the use of the CFD technique for further studies in the field of air pocket mitigation. Also, as a result of spillway structures, especially Morning Glory spillways, the paper recommends executing further research to predict consequences resulting from air pockets in hydraulic structures and investigate more remedial strategies to mitigate these consequences.

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Section: Figure 14 Critical Velocity Versus Conduit Inclinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Detrimental Effects of Air Bubbles in Shaft Spillways: A Literature Review

Abdul-Sahib,

Alfatlawi

2024

I2M

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“…International Copper Association Australia (2021) recommends a minimal velocity of 0.5 m=s for copper pipes. In pressure pipelines, minimum velocities are required to cleanse entrained air by hydraulic means (Wisner et al 1975) and low flows may contribute to compromised water quality (Farooqi et al 2009). Considering that some specific plumbing hardware and fixtures are known to have optimal velocity ranges for effective operations, the overestimation of peak flow and the peak-flowdriven design philosophy implies that some hydraulic components used to control and regulate plumbing systems may rarely operate within the manufacturer-specified hydraulic range.…”

Section: Contributors and Implications Of Peak Demand Overestimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Josey

Buchberger

Gong

2023

J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.

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There is now evidence that many long-standing international plumbing codes significantly overestimate the peak water demand in multilevel residential buildings. The overestimation of this design value may have adverse effects on construction cost, energy consumption, water quality, and safe operation. This research aims to assess the performance of the current Australian and New Zealand cold water plumbing standard in peak demand design for multilevel residential buildings. A literature review was conducted on the international development of residential water demand estimation models. The Australian practice of peak demand design is compared against selected international plumbing codes and some newly proposed approaches using a fixed apartment layout as a benchmark. Following this, the paper compares the actual water demand of four Australian multilevel residential buildings with the designed peak demand (99th percentile flow) from the Australian and New Zealand standard and selected international plumbing codes. Results show that the adjusted 99th percentile flow rates (adjusted from raw measurements to count for the impact of sampling interval) are only 23%-28% of the nominal design values from the Australian and New Zealand standard. None of the international peak demand design standards considered in this research can be readily applied to Australian multilevel residential buildings. Research needs are identified, including the impact of the sampling interval, the practical definition of the 99th percentile flow, the implications of reduced pipe sizes, and other limitations in current plumbing system design practices. This research serves as an informative reference for researchers, industry, and regulatory bodies working on improving their existing plumbing design standards.

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“…Além disso, o ar pode vazar através de pontos deteriorados nas juntas e válvulas se a pressão de vácuo ocorrer na tubulação (WISNER et al, 1975). A própria água introduz ar na tubulação, pois contém mais de 2% do volume de ar dissolvido.…”

Section: Lista De Ilustraçõesunclassified

“…Esta expressão permite o ajuste dos valores experimentais indicados em Wisner et al (1975) e Edmunds (1979) e corrige a fórmula de Kent:…”

Section: Movimento De Bolsões De Ar Em Adutorasunclassified

Adequação de uma válvula ventosa para o monitoramento da expulsão e admissão de ar em adutoras

Alcantara de Aquino

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meu orientador, não só pela oportunidade de compartilhar da sua competência e dos ensinamentos transmitidos, mas também pela paciência e dedicação despendidas durante a condução do trabalho, pelo apoio, amizade, auxílio e orientação. Sua contribuição foi imprescindível para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Profª. Dra. Yvone de Faria Lemos De Lucca, que por motivos burocráticos não pode figurar como Co-orientadora deste trabalho, fica meu agradecimento especial pelo carinho, amizade e pelo auxílio e valiosa contribuição para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr. Cristiano M. B. Cordeiro minha gratidão por ter me recebido em seu laboratório de sensores e fibras ópticas do IFGW (Unicamp), pela confiança depositada, pela disponibilidade e empenho em ajudar na solução dos problemas encontrados que se revelaram fundamentais para a realização deste trabalho. A todos os professores do Departamento de Recursos Hídricos -DRH -UNICAMP e a todos os professores que direta ou indiretamente contribuíram na minha formação. Aos alunos do Programa de Iniciação Científica da FAPESP PIBIC do Instituto de Física -IFGW -UNICAMP, Pedro Machado Lazari e Tiago Delfino pela disponibilidade e empenho em ajudar na solução dos problemas encontrados neste trabalho. À SABESP -Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo pela disponibilização de material relacionado com o tema deste trabalho e pela oportunidade de ampliar e atualizar os meus conhecimentos profissionais. À FAPESP, pelo suporte financeiro, Proc. N. 2010/51522-9.A toda minha família, pelo amor, apoio, confiança, formação ética e profissional e, principalmente aos meus pais, Antonio Avelino de Sousa (in memorian) e Francelina Alzira de Aquino (in memorian), a quem devo minha vida.Enfim, a todos que mesmo não sendo citados aqui estiveram envolvidos com o desenvolvimento desta tese, os meus sinceros agradecimentos. RESUMOAs adutoras de água e seus componentes podem sofrer danos severos, ou até mesmo romper, com a presença de ar aprisionado. Bolsões de ar nas adutoras como exemplos, podem produzir o fenômeno do golpe de aríete, a perda de pressão e a instabilidade na operação. Para evita-los, são usadas as válvulas ventosas (válvulas de ar). Estas válvulas são inseridas nas adutoras em pontos estratégicos como os pontos altos, dividindo largas extensões de tubulações, entre outros, que podem causar o desprendimento e o acúmulo do ar. Muitas vezes, algumas destas válvulas somente funcionarão uma vez, para expulsar o ar enquanto a água preenche a tubulação. Por outro lado, algumas situações exigem a abertura, fechamento constantes das ventosas, quando uma bomba é acionada, na partida, na parada ou na alteração de vazão. Atualmente, os sistemas de supervisão e de aquisição de dados são usados em todo o setor de abastecimento. No entanto, ao longo de anos de experiência na área, não se verificou um sistema de supervisão abrangente para monitorar as indicações das posições abertas ou fechadas das ventosas, em função das pressões a montante das mesmas e da pressão atmos...

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Removal of Air from Water Lines by Hydraulic Means

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Detrimental Effects of Air Bubbles in Shaft Spillways: A Literature Review

Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Detrimental Effects of Air Bubbles in Shaft Spillways: A Literature Review

Comparing Actual and Designed Water Demand in Australian Multilevel Residential Buildings

Adequação de uma válvula ventosa para o monitoramento da expulsão e admissão de ar em adutoras

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