Removal of CdTe in acidic media by magnetic ion-exchange resin: A potential recycling methodology for cadmium telluride photovoltaic waste

Zhang, Teng; Dong, Zebin; Qü, Fei; Ding, Fazhu; Peng, Xing-Yu; Wang, Hongyan; Gu, Hang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.024

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Once the initial processing has taken place, extraction of the different constituent materials can commence. This can include solvent or reactant-based leaching of specific materials, mechanical separation and froth flotation, or electrochemical separation and electrowinning [29,72,[75][76][77].…”

Section: Cdte and Cigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reshaping the Module: The Path to Comprehensive Photovoltaic Panel Recycling

Isherwood

2022

Sustainability

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The market for photovoltaic modules is expanding rapidly, with more than 500 GW installed capacity. Consequently, there is an urgent need to prepare for the comprehensive recycling of end-of-life solar modules. Crystalline silicon remains the primary photovoltaic technology, with CdTe and CIGS taking up much of the remaining market. Modules can be separated by crushing or cutting, or by thermal or solvent-based delamination. Separation and extraction of semiconductor materials can be achieved through manual, mechanical, wet or dry chemical means, or a combination. Crystalline silicon modules are currently recycled through crushing and mechanical separation, but procedures do exist for extraction and processing of intact wafers or wafer pieces. Use of these processes could lead to the recovery of higher grades of silicon. CdTe panels are mostly recycled using a chemical leaching process, with the metals recovered from the leachate. CIGS can be recycled through oxidative removal of selenium and thermochemical recovery of the metals, or by electrochemical or hydrometallurgical means. A remaining area of concern is recycling of the polymeric encapsulant and backsheet materials. There is a move away from the use of fluorinated backsheet polymers which may allow for improved recycling, but further research is required to identify materials which can be recycled readily whilst also being able to withstand outdoor environments for multi-decadal timespans.

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Section: Cdte and Cigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reshaping the Module: The Path to Comprehensive Photovoltaic Panel Recycling

Isherwood

2022

Sustainability

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“…The recovery of cadmium and tellurium from cadmium telluride PVs is difficult due to their low content in the semiconductor [40]. There are many hydrometallurgical recycling processes for CdTe, as well as acid dissolution and subsequent precipitation [41], cementation [42], electroplating [43], and ion exchange [44,45]. A recycling process for CdTe PVs based on a sequence of mechanical steps rather than wet-chemical techniques has also been proposed [46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive and Sustainable Recycling Process for Different Types of Blended End-of-Life Solar Panels: Leaching and Recovery of Valuable Base and Precious Metals and/or Elements

Kavousi,

Alamdari

2023

Metals

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The production of photovoltaic modules is increasing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, this results in a significant amount of waste at the end of their lifespan. Therefore, recycling these solar panels is important for environmental and economic reasons. However, collecting and separating crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper–indium–gallium–selenide panels can be challenging, especially in underdeveloped countries. The innovation in this work is the development of a process to recycle all solar panel waste. The dissolution of all metals through the leaching process is studied as the main step of the flowchart. In the first step of leaching, 98% of silver can be recovered by 0.5 M nitric acid. Then, the second and third step involves the use of glycine for base metal dissolution, followed by the leaching of valuable metals with hydrochloric acid. The effect of parameters such as the initial pH, acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and hydrogen peroxide concentration is studied. The results show that up to 100% of Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, Cd, In, Ga, and Se can be recovered under optimal conditions. The optimal conditions for the dissolution of Cu, Zn, and Cd were a glycine concentration of 0.5 M, a temperature of 25 °C, a solid/liquid ratio of 10 gr/L, and 1% of hydrogen peroxide. The optimized glycine concentration for the leaching of lead and tin was 1.5 M. Indium and gallium were recovered at 100% by the use of 5 M hydrochloric acid, S/L ratio = 10 gr/L, and T = 45 °C. Separation of selenium and tellurium occurred using 0.5 M HCl at a temperature of 60 °C. Additionally, for the first time, a general outlook for the recycling of various end-of-life solar panels is suggested.

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“…Cross-linked polymer resins, either unmodified or functionalized with specific groups, are used in a broad range of applications, including, among others, water treatment, chromatography, hydrogen storage, and hydrometallurgy. − Additionally, functionalized resins are increasingly used as high-performance heterogeneous catalysts for organic synthesis reactions, such as (trans)esterifications, etherifications, dehydrations, aldol reactions, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings, phenol alkylations, and so forth. − It should, however, be noted that these materials exhibit a remarkable phenomenon as compared to other types of heterogeneous catalysts. Namely, when a dry resin is allowed to make contact with a liquid, it tends to swell, that is, a portion of the liquid is sorbed by the resin, resulting in an increase of its volume. ,,− The sorption phenomena occurring during the swelling of a resin can be classified into two categories: (i) absorption of liquid into the resin pores and (ii) adsorption of components onto functional groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Assessment of the Thermodynamics in Acidic Resin-Catalyzed Esterifications

Lauwaert

Steene

Vermeir

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Resins are interesting catalysts for organic reactions, which are characterized by a remarkable swelling behavior upon exposure to liquids, typically resulting in selective sorption in the case of mixtures. Hence, when constructing kinetic models for reactions catalyzed by such resins, the component partitioning between the bulk liquid and polymer liquid and its effect on their thermodynamic activities have to be properly taken into account. A kinetic model is developed for acidic resin-catalyzed esterification, while comparing two scenarios for capturing the thermodynamics within the resin pores. For the specific case study on a single resin with a specific solvent, compensation effects between the calculated thermodynamic activities in the resin and the estimated rate coefficients render only minor performance differences between the two scenarios. Still, aiming at extending the scope toward other solvents and/or resins, it is deemed crucial to explicitly account for the resin's selective sorption and swelling behavior.

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Removal of CdTe in acidic media by magnetic ion-exchange resin: A potential recycling methodology for cadmium telluride photovoltaic waste

Cited by 26 publications

References 16 publications

Reshaping the Module: The Path to Comprehensive Photovoltaic Panel Recycling

Reshaping the Module: The Path to Comprehensive Photovoltaic Panel Recycling

A Comprehensive and Sustainable Recycling Process for Different Types of Blended End-of-Life Solar Panels: Leaching and Recovery of Valuable Base and Precious Metals and/or Elements

Critical Assessment of the Thermodynamics in Acidic Resin-Catalyzed Esterifications

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