Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis

Shapiro, Andrew P.; Probstein, Ronald F.

doi:10.1021/es00039a007

Cited by 354 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Under these circumstances, enhanced electrokinetic remediation could be necessary. Numerous studies have been conducted to date using different chelating and complexation agents to enhance the remedial techniques [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. The particular use of the enhancing and conditioning agents are reviewed and included in the appropriate sections.…”

Section: Fig 2 Concept Of Electrokinetic Extraction Of Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of important apparatuses that have been used for soil remediation by electrokinetics are mentioned here. The apparatuses currently available for the purpose of electrokinetic remediation include those developed at Louisiana State University [31,79], Lehigh University [52,80,81], University of Texas at Austin [11,82], the University of California at Berkeley [3,83], Massachusetts Institute of Technology [38,47,59], Texas A & M University [6], The Technical University of Denmark [84,85], Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee [86], Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden [87][88][89], University of South Carolina [58] and many others. A comprehensive review of the apparatus used in the EKD experiments has been presented by Yeung et al [6].…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High acidic solution causes the zeta potential to become less negative and even to attain positive values at low pH. As a result flow rates have been reported to decrease if the pH of the electrolyze is depressed below neutral and to increase at alkaline pH values [47,93]. The effect of zeta potential on electro-osmotic permeability has further been investigated by Shang [94].…”

Section: Parameter Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrokinetics and soil decontamination: concepts and overview (Review)

Karim

2014

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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Section: Fig 2 Concept Of Electrokinetic Extraction Of Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parameter Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrokinetics and soil decontamination: concepts and overview (Review)

Karim

2014

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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“…Electrokinetic remediation can be used as an in situ remediation technology, and has been studied by several researchers (Pamukcu and Wittle, 1992;Probstein and Hicks, 1993;Shapiro and Probstein, 1993). The treatment process involves passing a low amperage electrical current between a series of cathodes and anodes imbedded in the contaminated soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ chemical fixation of arsenic-contaminated soils: An experimental study

Yang

Donahoe

Redwine

2007

Science of The Total Environment

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This paper reports the results of an experimental study testing a low-cost in situ chemical fixation method designed to reclaim arsenic-contaminated subsurface soils. Subsurface soils from several industrial sites in southeastern U.S. were contaminated with arsenic through heavy application of herbicide containing arsenic trioxide. The mean concentrations of environmentally available arsenic in soils collected from the two study sites, FW and BH, are 325 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg, respectively. The soils are sandy loams with varying mineralogical and organic contents. The previous study [Yang L, Donahoe RJ. The form, distribution and mobility of arsenic in soils contaminated by arsenic trioxide, at sites in Southeast USA. Appl Geochem 2007;22:320-341] indicated that a large portion of the arsenic in both soils is associated with amorphous aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides and shows very slow release against leaching by synthetic precipitation. The soil's amorphous aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides content was found to have the most significant effect on its ability to retain arsenic. Based on this observation, contaminated soils were reacted with different treatment solutions in an effort to promote the formation of insoluble arsenic-bearing phases and thereby decrease the leachability of arsenic. Ferrous sulfate, potassium permanganate and calcium carbonate were used as the reagents for the chemical fixation solutions evaluated in three sets of batch experiments: (1) FeSO4; (2) FeSO4 and KMnO4; (3) FeSO4, KMnO4 and CaCO3. The optimum treatment solutions for each soil were identified based on the mobility of arsenic during sequential leaching of treated and untreated soils using the fluids described in EPA (SPLP). Both FW and BH soils showed significant decreases in arsenic leachability for all three treatment solutions, compared to untreated soil. While soils treated with solution (3) showed the best results with subsequent TCLP sequential leaching, SPLP sequential leaching of treated soils indicated that lowest arsenic mobility was obtained using treatment solution (1). Treatment solution (1) with only FeSO4 is considered the best choice for remediation of arseniccontaminated soil because SPLP sequential leaching better simulates natural weathering. Analysis of treated soils produced no evidence of newly-formed arsenic-bearing phases in either soil after treatment. Sequential chemical extractions of treated soils indicate that surface complexation of arsenic on ferric hydroxide is the major mechanism for the fixation process.

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“…EO was first explored as a means for de-watering clays for purposes of soil stabilization (Casagrande, 1952). In recent years, the potential of EO for removing contaminants from fine-grained sediments has been explored in both laboratory studies and field scale demonstrations (Hamed et al, 1991;Bruell et al, 1992;Segall and Bruell, 1992;Acar and Alshawabkeh, 1993;Lageman, 1993;Probstein and Hicks, 1993;Shapiro et al, 1993). Recently, the Lasagna™ Project at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky entailed utilizing EO to transport TCE to activated carbon or iron filing treatment zones within the electric field, resulting in an estimated removal efficiency of 98% in concluded, for example, that the costs associated with EO compare favorably to those of excavation and ex situ treatment in shallow soils, given a sufficient time to accomplish the cleanup.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Measurement of Electro‐Osmotic Fluxes and Conductivity Using Single Wellbore Tracer Tests

McNab

Ruíz

2001

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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Electroosmosis (EO), the movement of water through porous media in response to an electric field, offers a means for extracting contaminated groundwater from fine-grained sediments such as clays that are not easily amenable to conventional pump-and-treat approaches. The EO-induced water flux is proportional to the voltage gradient in a manner analogous to the flux dependence on the hydraulic gradient under Darcy's law. The proportionality constant, the soil electroosmotic conductivity or k eo , is most easily measured in soil cores using bench-top tests where flow is one-dimensional and interfering effects attributable to Darcy's law can be directly accounted for. In contrast, quantification of EO fluxes and k eo in the field under deployment conditions can be difficult because electrodes are placed in groundwater wells that may be screened across a heterogeneous mixture of lithologies. As a result, EO-induced water fluxes constitute an approximate radial flow system that is superimposed upon a Darcy flow regime through permeable pathways that may or may not be coupled with hydraulic head differences created by the EO-induced water fluxes. A single well comparative tracer test, which indirectly measures EO fluxes by comparing well bore tracer dilution rates between background and EO-induced water fluxes, may provide a means for routinely quantifying the efficacy of EO systems in such settings. EO fluxes measured in field tests through this technique at a groundwater contamination site were used to estimate a mean k eo value through a semi-analytic line source model of the electric field. The resulting estimate agrees well with values reported in the literature as well as values obtained by bench-top tests conducted on a soil core collected in the test area.

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Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis

Cited by 354 publications

References 8 publications

Electrokinetics and soil decontamination: concepts and overview (Review)

Electrokinetics and soil decontamination: concepts and overview (Review)

In situ chemical fixation of arsenic-contaminated soils: An experimental study

In Situ Measurement of Electro‐Osmotic Fluxes and Conductivity Using Single Wellbore Tracer Tests

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