With the rapid development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, fluoride ion contamination has become an increasingly serious issue in recent years. Addressing large volumes of fluoride-containing wastewater has emerged as a critical research topic. This article begins by discussing the harmful effects of fluoride ions on human health and then reviews various technologies for controlling fluoride ion pollution in water, with a focus on adsorption methods. Among the minerals employed in adsorption, attapulgite stands out due to its excellent physicochemical properties, abundant reserves, and low cost, making it a widely used material in the treatment of fluoride-containing wastewater. However, a comprehensive evaluation of attapulgite-based adsorbent materials in fluoride wastewater treatment has yet to be established. This review summarizes the preparation, application development, and adsorption mechanisms of attapulgitebased composite materials. It also offers constructive suggestions for fully utilizing attapulgite's inherent properties, emphasizing the potential for regeneration and recycling, to inspire new approaches for developing more efficient attapulgite-based fluoride ion adsorbents in the future.