Removal of gadolinium nitrate from heavy water

Wilde, E.W.

doi:10.2172/758308

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In model tests for Gd nitrate, which occurred in drums containing spent heavy water moderator at different levels, 0.09 to 203 800 ppm, it was indicated that Gd is more toxic to algae (growth data for Chlorella pyrenoidosa , the most tolerant organisms; Scenedesmus quadricauda ; Closterium sp. ; Cyanidium caldarium ) than the other investigated cations (K + , Na + , NH 4 + ; Wilde et al ). During investigation of the growth inhibition of Tetrahymena shanghaiensis after exposure to REE metals (Gd, La, Sm, Y), 50% inhibitory concentration values for gadolinium(III) nitrate were lower than for other tested compounds but much higher than that of Cd (one of the most toxic heavy metals; Wang et al ).…”

Section: Ecotoxicity Of Gdmentioning

confidence: 92%

Gadolinium as a new emerging contaminant of aquatic environments

Rogowska

Olkowska²,

Ratajczyk³

et al. 2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

165

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Since the 1980s, gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been routinely used in magnetic resonance imaging as stable chelates of the Gd ion, without toxic effects. Generally, GBCAs are considered some of the safest contrast agents. However, it has been observed that they can accumulate in patient tissue, bone, and probably brain (causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney failure or insufficiency and disturbance of calcium homeostasis in the organism). The GBCAs are predominantly removed renally without metabolization. Subsequently, they do not undergo degradation processes in wastewater-treatment plants and are emitted into the aquatic ecosystem. Their occurrence was confirmed in surface waters (up to 1100 ng/L), sediments (up to 90.5 μg/g), and living organisms. Based on a literature review, there is a need to investigate the contamination of different ecosystems and to ascertain the environmental fate of Gd. Long-term ecotoxicological data, degradation, metabolism, bioaccumulation processes, and biochemical effects of the Gd complexes should be explored. These data can be used to assess detailed environmental risks because currently only hotspots with high levels of Gd can be marked as dangerous for aquatic environments according to environmental risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1523-1534. © 2018 SETAC.

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Section: Ecotoxicity Of Gdmentioning

confidence: 92%

Gadolinium as a new emerging contaminant of aquatic environments

Rogowska

Olkowska²,

Ratajczyk³

et al. 2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, biological denitrification, and chemical denitrification are some of the approaches for removing nitrate from aqueous solutions. Chloride ions interact with nitrate ions from the resin in the ion-exchange process [13][14][15]. Reverse osmosis (RO) technology removes nitrates by forcing raw water through a semi-permeable membrane that allows water to flow through while retaining most of the dissolved minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron

et al. 2022

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Drinking water containing nitrate ions at a higher concentration level of more than 10 mg/L, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), poses a considerable peril to humans. This danger lies in its reduction of nitrite ions. These ions cause methemoglobinemia during the oxidation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Many protocols can be applied to the remediation of nitrate ions from hydra solutions such as Zn metal and amino sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the electrochemical process is a potent protocol that is useful for this purpose. Designing varying parameters, such as the type of cathodic electrode (Sn, Al, Fe, Cu), the type of electrolyte, and its concentration, temperature, pH, and current density, can give the best conditions to eliminate the nitrate as a pollutant. Moreover, the use of accessible, functional, and inexpensive adsorbents such as granular ferric hydroxide, modified zeolite, rice chaff, chitosan, perlite, red mud, and activated carbon are considered a possible approach for nitrate removal. Additionally, biological denitrification is considered one of the most promising methodologies attributable to its outstanding performance. Among these powerful methods and materials exist zero-valent iron (ZVI), which is used effectively in the deletion process of nitrate ions. Non-precious synthesis pathways are utilized to reduce the Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions by borohydride to obtain ZVI. The structural and morphological characteristics of ZVI are elucidated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. The adsorptive properties are estimated through batch experiments, which are achieved to control the feasibility of ZVI as an adsorbent under the effects of Fe0 dose, concentration of NO3− ions, and pH. The obtained literature findings recommend that ZVI is an appropriate applicant adsorbent for the remediation of nitrate ions.

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Removal of gadolinium nitrate from heavy water

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Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Gadolinium as a new emerging contaminant of aquatic environments

Gadolinium as a new emerging contaminant of aquatic environments

Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron

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