Removal of lead from crude antimony by using NaPo3 as lead elimination reagent

Ye, L.G.; Tang, Chaobo; Yang, Shenghai; Chen, Y.M.; Zhang, Wengang

doi:10.2298/jmmb130904011y

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In developed countries strict regulations already force large nickel and copper producers to employ separate cleaning processes for slags with high heavy metals content. Therefore, with the goal to achieve less than one percent of heavy metals in disposed slags with lower process disruptions [19] a better understanding of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of settling process should be done and research on the development of new additives (reductants and/or fluxes) [20,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel, copper and cobalt coalescence in copper cliff converter slag

Wolf

Mitrašinović

2016

J min metall B Metall

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The aim of this investigation is to assess the effect of various additives on coalescence of nickel, copper and cobalt from slags generated during nickel extraction. The analyzed fluxes were silica and lime while examined reductants were pig iron, ferrosilicon and copper-silicon compound. Slag was settled at the different holding temperatures for various times in conditions that simulated the industrial environment. The newly formed matte and slag were characterized by their chemical composition and morphology. Silica flux generated higher partition coefficients for nickel and copper than the addition of lime. Additives used as reducing agents had higher valuable metal recovery rates and corresponding partition coefficients than fluxes. Microstructural studies showed that slag formed after adding reductants consisted of primarily fayalite, with some minute traces of magnetite as the secondary phase. Addition of 5 wt% of pig iron, ferrosilicon and copper-silicon alloys favored the formation of a metallized matte which increased Cu, Ni and Co recoveries. Addition of copper-silicon alloys with low silicon content was efficient in copper recovery but coalescence of the other metals was low. Slag treated with the ferrosilicon facilitated the highest cobalt recovery while copper-silicon alloys with silicon content above 10 wt% resulted in high coalescence of nickel and copper, 87 % and 72 % respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel, copper and cobalt coalescence in copper cliff converter slag

Wolf

Mitrašinović

2016

J min metall B Metall

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“…Later, Ye et al [78] proposed a one-step eutectic molten salt NaCl-Na 2 CO 3 bath smelting process that uses a sulfur-fixing agent, ZnO, at 600-900 • C for extraction of antimony metal from low-grade stibnite. The reported reaction paths are listed in Equations ( 11)-( 15):…”

Section: Sulfur-fixing With Zno As An Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They implied that with increasing the operational temperature, salt consumption, and carbon as reductant, a higher recovery rate for antimony could be achieved. Despite the advantages of low temperature and sulfur fixation, a large amount of molten salt was consumed [78].…”

Section: Sulfur-fixing With Zno As An Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony from Primary Resources: Current Practices and Evolving Processes

Moosavi-Khoonsari

Mostaghel²,

Siegmund³

et al. 2022

Processes

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Antimony is classified as a critical/strategic metal. Its primary production is predominated by China via pyrometallurgical routes such as volatilization roasting—reduction smelting or direct reduction smelting. The performance of most of the pyro-processes is very sensitive to concentrate type and grade. Therefore, technology selection for a greenfield plant is a significant and delicate task to maximize the recovery rate of antimony and subsequently precious metals (PMs), mainly gold, from the concentrates. The current paper reviews the conventional pyrometallurgical processes and technologies that have been practiced for the treatment of antimony concentrates. The blast furnace is the most commonly used technology, mainly because of its adaptability to different feeds and grades and a high recovery rate. In addition, several other more environmentally friendly pyrometallurgical routes, that were recently developed, are reviewed but these are still at laboratory- or pilot-scales. For example, decarbonization of antimony production through the replacement of carbonaceous reductants with hydrogen seems to be feasible, although the process is still at its infancy, and further research and development are necessary for its commercialization. At the end, available refining methods for removal of the most important impurities including arsenic, sulfur, lead, iron, and copper from crude antimony are discussed.

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“…Antimony is mainly used in the production of flame retardants and the manufacture of battery materials, sliding bearings ammunition and solders [1]. Most of the resources of antimony known in the world are distributed in China, accounting for 80% [1][2]. At present, the main mineral for producing antimony is stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) and jamesonite (Pb 4 FeSb 6 S 14 ) [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Ouyang

Chen

Tian

et al. 2018

J min metall B Metall

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Currently, the commercial antimony metallurgy is mainly based on pyrometallurgical processes and oxidative volatilization of Sb 2 S 3 is an essential step. This step includes the problems of high energy consumption and low concentration of SO 2 pollution. Aiming at these problems, we present a new method of sulfur-fixing roasting of antimony sulfide. This method uses ZnO as a sulfur-fixing agent, and roasting with Sb 2 S 3 was carried out at 673 K~1073 K to produce Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS. By calculating the thermodynamics of the reactions, we can conclude that the Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG θ ) of roasting reaction is below -60 kJ/mol and the predominance areas of Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS are wide and right shifting with the temperature increase, which all indicates that this method is theoretically feasible. The reacted products between Sb 2 S 3 and ZnO indicated that the reaction began at 773 K and finished approximately at 973K. We used the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern method to calculate the kinetics of the roasting reaction. The conclusion is as follows: The average values of apparent activation energy (E) and natural logarithmic frequency factor (lnA) calculated by Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern were 189.72 kJ·mol -1 and 35.29 s -1 , respectively. The mechanism of this reaction was phase boundary reaction model . The kinetic equation is shown as follow, where α represents reaction fraction:

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Removal of lead from crude antimony by using NaPo3 as lead elimination reagent

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Nickel, copper and cobalt coalescence in copper cliff converter slag

Nickel, copper and cobalt coalescence in copper cliff converter slag

A Review on Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Antimony from Primary Resources: Current Practices and Evolving Processes

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

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