“…Laser cleaning is always considered as a very complex process influenced by multiple mechanisms. [7][8][9][10][11] In the process of laser cleaning, the factors affecting the cleaning effect are laser wavelengths, 12 defocusing amount, scanning speed, 13 energy density, 14,15 and processing environment. When using a pulsed laser, the laser frequency, 16 pulse width, and laser waveform 17 also have an impact on the laser energy output.…”