“…7 a, when the content of TTC increased from 5 to 30 mg/L, the removal rate decreased from 90% to 32% (p-value < 0.05). This downward trend in the removal percentage can be explained by the saturation of the active sites of the adsorbent at high pollutant concentrations and, as a result, the lack of vacant sites on the surface of the composite [ 31 , 32 ]. Fig.…”
“…7 a, when the content of TTC increased from 5 to 30 mg/L, the removal rate decreased from 90% to 32% (p-value < 0.05). This downward trend in the removal percentage can be explained by the saturation of the active sites of the adsorbent at high pollutant concentrations and, as a result, the lack of vacant sites on the surface of the composite [ 31 , 32 ]. Fig.…”
“…5b, the inference that is drawn is that as the contact time escalates up to 38 min, the removal efficiency rises rapidly and then drops slightly (P value < 0.05). This occurs because, in the initial step, there are a large number of hollow adsorption sites, which drives the high rate of MNZ removal (Mazloomi et al 2021). From Fig.…”
Metronidazole is well-known antibiotic which, globally, ranks high in popular usage. Therefore, traces of residues of this antibiotic were identified in aquatic bodies. A photosynthetic cyanobacterium, of the microalgae category, S. platensis, has been found to be efficient in the removal of this antibiotic. This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of S. platensis in the removal of metronidazole from aqueous environments. To set up the optimum conditions for facilitating metronidazole removal, BBD model was employed. The experiment included the following parameters: the initial metronidazole level (10–80 mg/L), pH (4–10), contact time (10–60 min), and biomass dose (0.1–0.5 g/L). From the findings it was evident that S. platensis was able to remove 88.15% of the metronidazole under the following conditions: contact time 38.05 min, metronidazole level 35 mg/L, pH 7.71 and a biomass dose 0.3 g/L. The quadratic model revealed that metronidazole concentration was the chief variable that influenced its removal rate. MNZ removal rate was observed to follow the pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model. From the thermodynamic data it appeared that the process of metronidazole biosorption was spontaneous, exothermic and physical. The results of this study revealed that S. platensis could be used as an inexpensive and efficient biosorbent to remove the metronidazole from aqueous solutions.
“…Removing pollutants using biological methods minimizes the formation of toxic byproducts. Ultimately, this approach leads to cleaner ecosystems 25 – 27 . In some studies such as oak powder 19 , Aspergillus sp.…”
Microplastics (MPs) are newly recognized contaminants that result from the breakdown of plastics released into aquatic environments. This study focuses on the elimination of polystyrene (PS) using S. platensis, a natural biocoagulant, from aqueous solutions. The research investigated several crucial variables, including the initial level of PS ranging from 100 to 900 mg L−1, pH levels from 4 to 10, the contact time of 20–40 min, and doses of S. platensis ranging from 50 to 250 mg L−1. The analysis of the data revealed that the quadratic model offered the best fit for the experimental results. In the present study, we utilized S. platensis as a novel natural biocoagulant to effectively eliminate PS from aqueous solutions. Process optimization was performed using a Box–Behnken design (BBD). The best-fitting model for the data was the quadratic model. The results displayed that the highest elimination of PS (81%) was occurred at a pH of 4, with a contact time of 30 min, a dose of S. platensis at 250 mg L−1, and a PS concentration of 500 mg L−1. These findings show that S. platensis has a significant effect on removing PS from the aquatic environment. Algae can serve as a convenient and eco-friendly method, replacing chemical coagulants, to effectively remove MPs from the aquatic environment.
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