“…This outcome confirmed the EDX results. The Qe value of the modified LDO adsorbent in this study was greater than that of other sorbents used for removing various pollutants, such as Zn-Fe-LDH (74.50 mg g −1 ) [ 3 ], Mn-Al-LDO/biochar (66 mg g −1 ) [ 42 ], and Chitosan-PC (32.58 mg g −1 ) [ 43 ]. According to Table 9 and Figure 12 , the laboratory data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model (with R 2 of 1 and SE of 0.01 for Zn and R 2 of 1 and SE of 0.007 for Pb) and the Elovich model (with R 2 of 0.95 and SE of 0.44 for Cd, and R 2 of 0.93 and SE of 0.49 for Ni).…”
With the continuous growth of industrialization, the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment has become a critical issue, necessitating cost-effective and efficient techniques for their removal. The present study aimed to determine the optimal preparation conditions for synthesizing pectin (PC) as a polymer sorbent, combined with Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) layered double oxides (LDOs), using a fast and facile co-precipitation method. Both the response surface method (RSM) and the Taguchi method were employed to optimize the influence of key independent variables, including the molar ratio of cations Mg:Al, the ratio of pectin to LDO, and the temperature for removing multiple elements from wastewater. The results indicated that RSM is more accurate and examines more interactions, while Taguchi reduces the number of tests and is more economical than RSM. However, both statistical methods showed good potential for predicting the adsorption capacity (Qe) of HMs. The optimal preparation conditions were identified as a molar ratio of 3:1, a ratio of pectin to LDO of 7% w/w, and a temperature of approximately 600 °C. In conclusion, the application of RSM and Taguchi approaches was found to be feasible and effective in optimizing the preparation conditions of modified LDO, which can be utilized as a potential adsorbent for removing multiple elements from wastewater.
“…This outcome confirmed the EDX results. The Qe value of the modified LDO adsorbent in this study was greater than that of other sorbents used for removing various pollutants, such as Zn-Fe-LDH (74.50 mg g −1 ) [ 3 ], Mn-Al-LDO/biochar (66 mg g −1 ) [ 42 ], and Chitosan-PC (32.58 mg g −1 ) [ 43 ]. According to Table 9 and Figure 12 , the laboratory data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model (with R 2 of 1 and SE of 0.01 for Zn and R 2 of 1 and SE of 0.007 for Pb) and the Elovich model (with R 2 of 0.95 and SE of 0.44 for Cd, and R 2 of 0.93 and SE of 0.49 for Ni).…”
With the continuous growth of industrialization, the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment has become a critical issue, necessitating cost-effective and efficient techniques for their removal. The present study aimed to determine the optimal preparation conditions for synthesizing pectin (PC) as a polymer sorbent, combined with Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) layered double oxides (LDOs), using a fast and facile co-precipitation method. Both the response surface method (RSM) and the Taguchi method were employed to optimize the influence of key independent variables, including the molar ratio of cations Mg:Al, the ratio of pectin to LDO, and the temperature for removing multiple elements from wastewater. The results indicated that RSM is more accurate and examines more interactions, while Taguchi reduces the number of tests and is more economical than RSM. However, both statistical methods showed good potential for predicting the adsorption capacity (Qe) of HMs. The optimal preparation conditions were identified as a molar ratio of 3:1, a ratio of pectin to LDO of 7% w/w, and a temperature of approximately 600 °C. In conclusion, the application of RSM and Taguchi approaches was found to be feasible and effective in optimizing the preparation conditions of modified LDO, which can be utilized as a potential adsorbent for removing multiple elements from wastewater.
“…For instance, the maximum removal efficiency recorded at pH of 6 supports the pHpzc concept in which it is usually favorable to adsorb anionic dyes like methyl orange over the range of positively charged surface charges (0–7.9). This is due to the fact that at pH > pHpzc the anionic methyl orange dye competes with OH- groups hindering the adsorption efficiency hence pH < pHpzc is creates conducive environment for the adsorption process [ [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] ] Fig. 6 Effect of pH on Methyl orange removal efficiency …”
“…Pectin (PC) is one of the green adsorbents that can be obtained from some plants. Previous studies have shown that pectin is used to clean up wastewater, and its composites with other adsorbents, such as chitosan, have the capable to enhance the sorption capacity of chitosan and their stability 16 .…”
Adsorption process plays an important role in the remediation of heavy metals (HMs) from wastewater. A laboratory trial was conducted to investigate effective parameters for improving the bio-adsorption removal of HMs. SEM, EDX, BET, and FTIR techniques were applied to characterize the calcined layer double hydroxide (Cal-LDH), pectin (PC), and Cal-LDH-PC composite prepared from Licorice pomace. The adsorption of zinc (Zn) cadmium, nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) onto the most efficient sorbent was investigated using RSM methodology with operational factors such as concentration, reaction time, sorbent dose, and pH. The results related to FTIR showed that Cal-LDH-PC had the highest number of functional groups. Based on the SEM results Cal-LDH had a low surface area (9.36 m2 g-1) and a small pore size (9.22 nm). After the modification process (Cal-LDH-PC), the values of surface area and pore size increased by 13-fold (120 m2 g-1) and 1.5-fold (18 nm), respectively. Cal-LDH had high adsorption performance, more cavities, stability, various functional groups, and excessive carbon and oxygen content, which make it efficient and powerful in removing HMs from wastewater. The optimal condition for achieving the removal efficiency (RE%) values of metals was determined to be 80.79 mg L−1, 100 min, 0.167 g L−1, and 9 for concentration, reaction time, sorbent dose, and pH, respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity and RE (%) were 300 mg g−1 and 99% for Zn. According to the results concentration had a major impact on RE% (except for Ni), while for Ni, adsorbent dose had the most significant impact. The present study introduced Cal-LDH-PC prepared from Licorice pomace as a capable, useful and economical sorbent for HMs removal from polluted environments. Taguchi's statistical method is distinguished as an economic method with easier interpretation, while the RSM approach is more accurate, and it can also check the interaction of parameters.
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