Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Using Nance (Byrsonima crassifolia) Seeds and Peels as Natural Biosorbents

Abstract

Contamination of effluents with chemicals is a serious problem that impacts human health. Methylene blue is a cationic dye found frequently in industrial and urban sewages. In this work, dried grinded seeds and peels of nance were used as biosorbents in aqueous solutions at pH 7 and 10 (simulating urban and textile effluents) finding that Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms adequately described the sorption. Adsorption efficiencies were larger than 98% in all cases and slightly lower at pH 7 due to the closeness with the point of zero charge (pzc) of seeds and peels of nance (5.96 and 3.42, respectively). In all cases, Langmuir adsorption was favorable (RLa < 1), and Gibbs free energy of adsorption was negative indicating spontaneity, and since these values were larger than −80 but lower than 0 kJ/mol, the MB removal process was mainly due to physical interactions, a characteristic of physical adsorption. No significant differences were found amongst bulk mass transfer coefficients for the adsorption of both sorbents, indicating that both bioadsorbents had the same hydrodynamic and driving forces as well as depicted similar MB-adsorbent affinities. Interaction of MB with adsorbents was corroborated by FTIR spectroscopy, and the sorption was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis which indicated that both adsorbents had fractal structures.

Novel Biomaterial-Derived Activated Carbon from Lippia Adoensis (Var. Koseret) Leaf for Efficient Organic Pollutant Dye Removal from Water Solution

“…The yield of activated carbon (AC) was calculated on a chemical-free basis and can be regarded as an indicator of the process efficiency for the chemical activation process. The AC yield is calculated as the percentage weight of the resultant activated carbon divided by the weight of dried Lippia Adoensis as shown in Equation (10);…”

“…The dye is not considered acutely toxic, but it can have various harmful effects. Skin irritation, mouth, throat, and stomach irritation are some of the side effects of this dye's side effects; in addition, esophagus irritation, nausea, gastrointestinal pain, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, dizziness, and high blood pressure are all common side effects, and they are more poisonous than anionic dyes [1,[10][11][12]. As a result, more studies should focus on its removal from wastewater to avoid the harmful effect on the health of living creatures.…”

Byrsonima crassifolia L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential: Overview and opportunities

“…The peel composition is <0.10% lipids, 4.30% proteins, 1.7% acidity, and 5.57°Brix. The values of total phenolic content and tannins have been reported as 4.47 mg GAE • 100 g -1 and 2.74 mg • 100 g -1 , respectively (Carlos et al, 2017;Irías-Mata et al, 2018;Robles-Melchor et al, 2021;Alves et al, 2020). Finally, seeds represent 22.23% of total fruit weight and contain 15% lipids, 8.8% protein, 27.5% fibre, 0.03% acidity, and 4.14°Brix, 404 mg GAE • 100 g -1 total phenolic, and 3.56 mg tannins • 100 g -1 (Carlos et al, 2017;Araújo et al, 2018;Alves et al, 2020;Robles-Melchor et al, 2021).…”

“…Also, hexane extract contains sesquiterpene lactones with antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, and hypolipidemic activities (Gutiérrez and Ramírez, 2016). The endocarp can be utilised in the development of selective sorbents for the treatment and purification of polluted wastewater (Monroy-Figueroa et al, 2015), for removing metals such as Cd (II), Pb (II), and Ni (II) (Di Bitonto et al, 2021), and methylene blue (Monroy-Figueroa et al, 2015;Bernal-Jácome et al, 2020;Robles-Melchor et al, 2021). The latter has also been removed from effluents treated with fibrous matrices found in the peel of yellow nanche (Robles-Melchor et al, 2021).…”

“…The endocarp can be utilised in the development of selective sorbents for the treatment and purification of polluted wastewater (Monroy-Figueroa et al, 2015), for removing metals such as Cd (II), Pb (II), and Ni (II) (Di Bitonto et al, 2021), and methylene blue (Monroy-Figueroa et al, 2015;Bernal-Jácome et al, 2020;Robles-Melchor et al, 2021). The latter has also been removed from effluents treated with fibrous matrices found in the peel of yellow nanche (Robles-Melchor et al, 2021). One advantage is the higher availability of this biomass that can be obtained as a by-product after processing the fruit pulp, compared to traditional activated carbon sources (Di Bitonto et al, 2021).…”