Removal of N -nitrosodimethylamine precursors with powdered activated carbon adsorption

The Removal of N‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation Potential in Drinking Water Treatment Plants

“…Trace levels (~5 μg/L) of THMs have also been occasionally observed at the reservoir effluents, although THMs were not detectable in SW G. This was attributed in part to the presence of chlorine residual (~0.05–0.4 mg/L) in the filter backwashed water that was returned to the storage reservoir. THM FP and DOC did not change in the storage reservoir (Uzun et al 2016).…”

“…NDMA was analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) 4 equipped with an RTX‐5MS column 5 (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) under the chemical ionization mode, and a gas chromatograph electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) 6 equipped with a ZB‐1 column 7 (30 m × 0.25 mm × 1 μm) was used for THM analysis. Sample extraction and analysis methods have been described in detail elsewhere (Uzun 2016; Uzun et al 2016, 2015). Concentrations of Cl 2 and chloramines as Cl 2 were determined following Standard Method 4500‐Cl F ( Standard Methods 2005).…”

“…Powdered activated carbon (PAC) application resulted in increases in the removal of NDMA FP from surface waters and wastewater effluents (Beita‐Sandi et al 2016, Hanigan et al 2012, Sacher et al 2008). Between 17 and 34% of watershed‐derived NDMA precursors were removed by 3 mg/L of a bituminous‐based PAC when blended with treated secondary wastewater effluent, and up to 20 mg/L of PAC application was effective for deactivating NDMA precursors (Hanigan et al 2015).…”

“…Between 17 and 34% of watershed‐derived NDMA precursors were removed by 3 mg/L of a bituminous‐based PAC when blended with treated secondary wastewater effluent, and up to 20 mg/L of PAC application was effective for deactivating NDMA precursors (Hanigan et al 2015). Beita‐Sandi et al (2016) showed that PACs with hybrid characteristics (micro and mesoporous), higher surface areas, and basic surface chemistry are more likely to be effective for NDMA precursor control by PAC adsorption. They also found that PAC adsorption was more effective in reducing NDMA FP in fresh wastewater effluents than in surface waters.…”

“…Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration were not effective for removing NDMA precursors (Krauss et al 2010, Pehlivanoglu‐Mantas & Sedlak 2008), while nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) achieved 57–98% (Ersan et al 2016, Miyashita et al 2009) and >98% (Krauss et al 2010, Schmidt & Brauch 2008) NDMA FP removal, respectively. It has also been reported that the bulk portion of NDMA precursors consists of small molecular weight compounds that can pass through 3,000‐Da membranes (Pehlivanoglu‐Mantas & Sedlak 2008, Mitch & Sedlak 2004).…”