Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in constructed wetlands: mechanisms and application

He, Yujie

doi:10.18174/419681

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 356 publications

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“…Therefore, vast efforts have been made to develop more advanced treatment processes for this purpose, e.g. activated carbon adsorption, ozonation, constructed wetlands, etc., [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The photochemical techniques are, among other (biological, sorptive, and oxydative-chemical) technologies, currently strongly under development to remove organic micropollutants from water.…”

Section: Photochemical Treatment Techniques For Micropollutant Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micropollutant degradation in water by photochemical processes

Yin¹

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Fast growing global population and economy result in an increasing water consumption worldwide. However, the amounts of usable water resources are limited: more than one-third of the accessible renewable fresh water on Earth is being exploited for industrial, agricultural, as well as domestic usage [1]. Locally, especially in water scarce areas, this is often reaching much higher levels, leading to overdraft of water resources [2]. Such facts call for the need to not only exploit new and alternative water resources but also to recycle water streams, to cope with the unfortunate increasing limitations in availability of fresh water sources. Meanwhile, the fast growing population and economy are leading to serious water pollution due to discharge of numerous contaminants into the environment, which in turn possess sever threats to the quality of water resources. Thus, the increasing worldwide demand for water consumption, the limited amount of water resources, and the water pollution make water treatment a vital measure to safeguard the water supply with sufficient quantity and quality that meets the demand of the society. Conventionally, concerns were given to pathogens, nutrients, heavy metals, suspended solids, and bulk organic pollutants (the amount of bulk organic pollutants generally present in concentrations at 0.1-10 g/l in waste water and often denoted with COD or BOD, meaning chemical or biological oxygen demand). Thus in most parts of the world water purification measures have been taken to tackle these problems [3, 4]. In recent decades, many emerging organic pollutants (generally present at rather low concentrations, i.e. ng/L to µg/L level, and therefore also termed as micropollutants). These include pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, herbicides, pesticides, chemicals from personal care products, etc., and have been detected the last two decades extensively in different water bodies worldwide. For instance, many pharmaceuticals were found in various portions of the aquatic system, i.e. in ground water, surface water, as well as in many drinking water sources according to a broad range of studies [5-11]. In a study conducted by Félix-Cañedo et al. in Mexico City, the presence of a group of organic micropollutants (including pharmaceuticals, hormones, herbicides) in several drinking water sources was reported, at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L level [12]. In recent years, a broad range of micropollutants, including Other investigated homogeneous photochemical processes include UV/Cl2, UV/O3, UV/HOCl, UV/ClO2. Application of these techniques for removal of various micropollutants has been studied over last decades. It is reported that UV/Cl2 could achieve relatively good removal of carbamazepine from wastewater, but formation of toxic chlorinated byproducts was an issue [132, 133]. Kong et al. reported efficient degradation of atrazine by UV/Cl2 [134]. Examples of micropollutant removal by UV/O3, UV/HOCl, UV/ClO2, etc., are also abundant in literature [135-138]. 1.3 Research opportunities 1.3.1 Rese...

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