Removal of pharmaceuticals by ammonia oxidizers during nitrification

Benzimidazole fungicide biotransformation by comammox Nitrospira bacteria: Transformation pathways and associated proteomic responses

“…3, Table S1). As higher levels of the hydroxylation products were formed when comammox bacteria were grown on ammonia, the hydroxylation was most likely catalyzed by the AMO protein complex, an enzyme with a well-known broad substrate range, including a variety of micropollutants (Han et al, 2019;Men et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2021;Yu et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2019Zhou et al, , 2021.…”

“…Biotransformation of specific micropollutants has been observed during ammonia-oxidation in environments with high nitrifying activity (Xu et al, 2016). For example, inhibition experiments and pure culture studies showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) were involved in the biotransformation of asulam, clomazone, monuron, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics and many other pharmaceuticals (Men et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2021;Zhou et al, 2019Zhou et al, , 2021. The complete ammonia-oxidizing (comammox) bacteria within the genus Nitrospira have only been discovered recently, but were found to occur in many different nitrifying ecosystems (Daims et al, 2015;Kits et al, 2017;Pjevac et al, 2017;van Kessel et al, 2015).…”

Straw-Based Biopurification Systems to Remove Ibuprofen, Diclofenac and Triclosan from Wastewaters: Dominant Microbial Communities

“…The abiotic elimination of PPCPs can be attributed to incomplete sterilization of the samples [16] because some microorganisms can subsist under sterile conditions [31] or due to photodegradation that can occur during sample processing mediated by reactions catalysed by the clay minerals from the soil [17]. Recently, a new route of abiotic transformation of micropollutants and pharmaceuticals has been described as hydroxylation indirectly mediated by hydroxylamine released by aerobic ammonia oxidizers [32,33].…”