Removal of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck from Apple Fruit with a Chlorine Dip

Hendrix, F. F.

doi:10.1094/pd-75-0742

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Fresh-market grade of SBFS-infested apples can be restored by postharvest dip treatments in chlorine bleach followed by brushing on a commercial grading line, effectively removing the blemishes or at least making them invisible (13,29). This practice is in wide use, partially to eradicate SBFS signs but also to suppress fruit and human pathogens that might otherwise accumulate in water flumes used in fruit packing lines.…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi colonize the surface wax layer of the fruit of apple, pear, persimmon, banana, orange, papaya, and several other cultivated tree and vine crops. In addition to colonizing cultivated fruit crops, SBFS fungi also grow on the surfaces of stems, twigs, leaves, and fruit of a wide range of wild plants. The disease occurs worldwide in regions with moist growing seasons. SBFS is regarded as a serious disease by fruit growers and plant pathologists because it can cause substantial economic damage. The smudges and stipples of SBFS often result in downgrading of fruit from premium fresh-market grade to processing use. This review describes the major shifts that have occurred during the past decade in understanding the genetic diversity of the SBFS complex, clarifying its biogeography and environmental biology, and developing improved management strategies.

show abstract

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Traditionally, chlorine‐based chemicals, widely used for sanitation of fresh whole and cut produce, have been recognized as safe in many countries (Zoffoli and others 1999). Chlorine, in the form of sodium or calcium hypochlorite, applied as a postharvest dip treatment reduced 2 very important postharvest pathogens on apple, sooty blotch ( Gloeodes pomigena Colby) and flyspeck ( Zygophiala jamaicensis E. Mason) (Hendrix 1991), as well as fungal rot (Colgan and Johnson 1998) in stored apples and pears. Zoffoli and others (1999) showed that chlorine gas reduced postharvest decay caused by inoculated Botrytis cinerea on table grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of FIT Produce Wash and Chlorine Dioxide on Pathogen Control in Fresh Potatoes

Park¹,

Gray²,

Oh³

et al. 2008

Journal of Food Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A commercial fresh pack potato operation was used as a model to evaluate FIT fruit and vegetable wash effectiveness in reducing levels of microorganisms on potatoes and in flume water. Fresh potatoes were washed in flume water with or without FIT, or treated with a spray bar utilizing either FIT, 9 ppm chlorine dioxide (CIO2), or a water control. Both flume treatments were also evaluated for APC and Gram-negatives. There were no significant differences in reduction of these microorganisms on treated or control potatoes. However, levels of Gram-negative bacteria in FIT-amended flume water were reduced by 5.95 log CFU/g, and the APC was reduced by 1.43 log CFU/g. To validate plant trial findings, this test was repeated using solutions of sterile potato flume water from the fresh pack operation, containing a typical level of dissolved and suspended solids. Treatment solutions prepared with flume water or deionized water containing FIT, 9 ppm CIO2, or a water control were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, or Pectobacterium carotovorumssp. carotovorum. FIT and ClO2 prepared with deionized water reduced levels of microorganisms by >6.1 to 6.6 log CFU/g to below the detection limit. FIT prepared with flume water reduced levels of all organisms by >6.0 to 6.4 log CFU/g to below the detection limit, whereas ClO2 prepared from flume water reduced bacterial levels of all organisms by only 0.7 to 1.4 log CFU/g. Neither FIT nor ClO2 was particularly efficacious against E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, APC, yeasts, or molds on potato surfaces.

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, poor fungicide coverage, inadequate pruning and environmental conditions highly favourable for disease development contribute to sporadic control failures (Cooley et al 1997). To compensate for inadequate field control, postharvest removal of SBFS on apples is sometimes attempted by disinfestant dip and brushing treatments (Hendrix 1991); however, efficacy of these treatments differed depending on the method used and the SBFS species present (Batzer et al 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Development of SBFS signs has been estimated in terms of incidence (Hendrix 1991), severity (Batzer et al 2002), number of colonies per apple (Batzer et al 2002) or a severity index for evaluating effectiveness of field or post-harvest control treatments. Batzer et al (2002) described and compared several assessment methods to evaluate efficacy of post-harvest dip treatments for SBFS removal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving sooty blotch and flyspeck severity estimation on apple fruit with the aid of standard area diagrams

Spolti

Schneider

Sanhueza³

et al. 2010

Eur J Plant Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sooty blotch and flyspeck is caused by numerous species of fungi that colonize the surface of apple fruit and thereby lower its market value. Although this disease poses a substantial threat to apple growers' profitability in some regions, reliable and cost-effective methods for epidemiological and disease control studies have not been validated, nor are they widely available. We modified a standard area diagram to aid sooty blotch and flyspeck severity assessments and quantified its impact on accuracy and precision of visual estimates. Samples of 'Fuji' and 'Mutsu' fruit were photographed both from the top and laterally. Severity was assessed from a subsample of 160 images using image analysis software. Validation of the diagram was performed by eight raters who independently assessed severity in two series of selected images representing the lateral view and the top view, initially unaided and subsequently with the aid of the scale. Severity estimates ranged from 0.4% to 98% (most fruit had <10% severity). Accuracy and precision of the estimates were significantly improved when using the diagrammatic scale; concordance correlation coefficient values increased from 0.81 to 0.95. A strong tendency to underestimate severity for the mid-range to high levels was minimized when using the aid, which also improved reproducibility of the estimates among raters. In addition to strengthening evidence that a standard area diagram can be used reliably in sooty blotch and flyspeck studies, we expanded its application to disease assessment in the peduncle region, which enhances the usefulness of the method for evaluating efficacy of management practices.

show abstract

Removal of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck from Apple Fruit with a Chlorine Dip

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck

Efficacy of FIT Produce Wash and Chlorine Dioxide on Pathogen Control in Fresh Potatoes

Improving sooty blotch and flyspeck severity estimation on apple fruit with the aid of standard area diagrams

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About