Removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water by using an ultrahighly efficient thermochemically activated carbon

Abstract

Lagenaria vulgaris activated carbon (LVAC) was synthesized from Lagenaria vulgaris biomass by treatment with diluted H 2 SO 4 followed by thermo-chemical carbonization and overheated steam activation process and used for removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that 2,4-D is adsorbed in micropores of the very porous LVAC (665 m 2 g-1). LVAC showed high sorption capacity as compared to many previously used sorbents at optimal conditions: the stirring rate of 300 rpm, the sorbent dose of 1.0 g dm-3 and pH from 2 to 7. The experimental maximum sorption capacity of LVAC was 333.3 mg g-1. The pseudo-second-order model and Chrastil model described the 2,4-D sorption kinetics by LVAC. Thermodynamic studies have indicated that the sorption process was endothermic, spontaneous and physical in nature. LVAC was shown to be an ultrahighly efficient sorbent for removal of 2,4-D from groundwater, which could be also recycled and reused.

Immobilizing white‐rot fungi laccase: Toward bio‐derived supports as a circular economy approach in organochlorine removal

“…They suggested that charcoal that effectively adsorbed 2,4‐D could also remove many other organic pollutants due to its herbicidal properties. For the same compound, Njoku et al (2015) described the potential of biochar from the residues of Lansium domesticum (tropical tree), and Bojic et al (2019) reported a maximum sorption of 333.3 mg g −1 in a biochar obtained from Lagenaria vulgaris . Other studies have suggested bamboo (Alamin & Kaewsichan, 2016), wheat (Kalderis et al, 2017), Trapa natans (aquatic plant) (Yin et al, 2019), and rice biochar (Oh & Seo, 2019) as efficient adsorbents for the removal of 2,4‐DCP in wastewater.…”

Waste-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides from Water: A Comprehensive Review

“…Activated carbon produced from Lagenaria vulgaris shell by thermo-chemical carbonization and steam activation was applied to the removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions by Bojić et al [76]. The BET of the as-prepared AC was found to be 665 m 2 g −1 .…”

“…Of the solvents, e.g., acetone, ethanol, and water, the first one appeared to be the superior agent for AC regeneration. The thermal method of regeneration was applied by Bojić et al [76] and Herrera-García et al [101], with 49-60% keeping their initial adsorption capacities after five cycles. More satisfying results (70-79% initial efficiency) were obtained for the physical method of regeneration using a microwave heating oven.…”