Removal of Zearalenone and Zearalenols from Aqueous Solutions Using Insoluble Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived mycotoxin, exerting xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans. ZEN and its derivatives commonly occur in cereals and cereal-based products. During the biotransformation of ZEN, its reduced metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are formed; α-ZEL is even more toxic than the parent compound ZEN. Since previous studies demonstrated that ZEN and ZELs form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable for mycotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, the extraction of ZEN and ZELs from water, buffers, and corn beer was investigated, employing insoluble β-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) as a mycotoxin-binder. Our results demonstrate that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer). After the first application of BBP for mycotoxin binding, BBP could be completely reactivated through the elimination of ZEN from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol-water mixture. Therefore, our study suggests that insoluble cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable tools in the future to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated drinks.

Cyclodextrins Can Entrap Zearalenone-14-Glucoside: Interaction of the Masked Mycotoxin with Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer

“…The inclusion of these fluorescent mycotoxins by the CD cavity is commonly useful in analytics, because it can improve their chromatographic properties and/or increase their fluorescence signal [30,31,32]. Furthermore, previous studies demonstrated that CD polymers may be useful as mycotoxin binders: the extraction of ZEN, zearalenols, ochratoxin A, and patulin mycotoxins was successfully executed from aqueous solutions and from different beverages [33,34,35]. Despite masked mycotoxins (e.g., Z14G) also appearing in food products, we have no information regarding the potential interactions of CDs with these mycotoxin derivatives.…”

Cyclic Oligosaccharides as Active Drugs, an Updated Review

“…The sequestering properties of CDs and CD-based materials can be exploited to remove contaminants and toxins ( Figure 4 ). In an interesting study, insoluble β-CD beads polymers (BBP) were tested to remove Zearalenone (ZEN), a Fusarium -derived mycotoxin, which exerts xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans and is formed in cereals and cereal-based products [ 130 ]. The results showed that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer), and they can be easily recycled with an EtOH/water (50:50) solution.…”

Supramolecular Chemistry in Solid State Materials such as Metal‐Organic Frameworks

“…After the first application, the polymer could be completely reactivated after elimination of the toxins from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol‐water mixture. The authors suggest that the insoluble cyclodextrin polymers prepared may be suitable tools to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated water …”

“…Cyclodextrin nanosponges are hyper‐cross linked polymers incorporating CD, in which crystallinity and morphology can be varied by changing the ratio of CDs to cross‐linking agents. CDNS have been employed as solid supports with selective recognition particular reagents which are later approached to the vicinity of encapsulated Pd‐NPs . It has been demonstrated that the presence of both, CDs cavities and the 3D polymeric network cavities makes CDNS a proper candidate to arrange different molecules with diverse size, shape and polarity .…”