Removing the regional level from the Niger vaccine supply chain

Assi, Tina Marie; Brown, Shawn T.; Kone, Souleymane; Norman, Bryan A.; Djibo, Ali; Connor, Diana L.; Wateska, Angela R.; Rajgopal, Jayant; Slayton, Rachel B.; Lee, Bruce Y.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.011

Cited by 57 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is partly due to a lack of coordination between the multiple supply chain levels that each have their own stockpiles. In the epidemiological literature, numerous studies have examined this coordination and the redesign of the supply chain (Assi et al, 2013;Brown et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2015a). However, this topic has not been considered yet within the OR/OM community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the epidemiological literature, numerous studies have analyzed the design of the vaccine supply chain and the multiple storage levels. Many of these studies use a similar approach in which a simulation model is developed for a specific country, for example, using HERMES software (highly extensible resource for modeling supply chains) (e.g., Haidari et al, 2013;Assi et al, 2012Assi et al, , 2013. A common conclusion is that removing levels can reduce supply chain costs and increase vaccine availability (e.g., Assi et al, 2013;Brown et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Literature review: The vaccine supply chain

Duijzer

Jaarsveld

Dekker

2018

European Journal of Operational Research

197

146

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Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent and/or control the outbreak of infectious diseases. This medical intervention also brings about many logistical questions. In the past years, the Operations Research/Operations Management community has shown a growing interest in the logistical aspects of vaccination. However, publications on vaccine logistics often focus on one specific logistical aspect. A broader framework is needed so that open research questions can be identified more easily and contributions are not overlooked. In this literature review, we combine the priorities of the World Health Organization for creating a flexible and robust vaccine supply chain with an Operations Research/Operations Management supply chain perspective. We propose a classification for the literature on vaccine logistics to structure this relatively new field, and identify promising research directions. We classify the literature into the following four components: (1) product, (2) production, (3) allocation, and (4) distribution. Within the supply chain classification, we analyze the decision problems for existing outbreaks versus sudden outbreaks and developing countries versus developed countries. We identify unique characteristics of the vaccine supply chain: high uncertainty in both supply and demand; misalignment of objectives and decentralized decision making between supplier, public health organization and end customer; complex political decisions concerning allocation and the crucial importance of deciding and acting in time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review: The vaccine supply chain

Duijzer

Jaarsveld

Dekker

2018

European Journal of Operational Research

197

146

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“…At each location, the vaccines remain in storage devices until they are transported via vehicles to the next location in the chain, based on shipping frequencies and policies. Previous publications have described HERMES-generated models and data inputs in detail [17,18,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Routine Supply Chain Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs of vaccine programs across 94 low- and middle-income countries

Portnoy

Ozawa

Grewal

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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While new mechanisms such as advance market commitments and co-financing policies of the GAVI Alliance are allowing low- and middle-income countries to gain access to vaccines faster than ever, understanding the full scope of vaccine program costs is essential to ensure adequate resource mobilization. This costing analysis examines the vaccine costs, supply chain costs, and service delivery costs of immunization programs for routine immunization and for supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) for vaccines related to 18 antigens in 94 countries across the decade, 2011-2020. Vaccine costs were calculated using GAVI price forecasts for GAVI-eligible countries, and assumptions from the PAHO Revolving Fund and UNICEF for middle-income countries not supported by the GAVI Alliance. Vaccine introductions and coverage levels were projected primarily based on GAVI's Adjusted Demand Forecast. Supply chain costs including costs of transportation, storage, and labor were estimated by developing a mechanistic model using data generated by the HERMES discrete event simulation models. Service delivery costs were abstracted from comprehensive multi-year plans for the majority of GAVI-eligible countries and regression analysis was conducted to extrapolate costs to additional countries. The analysis shows that the delivery of the full vaccination program across 94 countries would cost a total of $62 billion (95% uncertainty range: $43-$87 billion) over the decade, including $51 billion ($34-$73 billion) for routine immunization and $11 billion ($7-$17 billion) for SIAs. More than half of these costs stem from service delivery at $34 billion ($21-$51 billion)-with an additional $24 billion ($13-$41 billion) in vaccine costs and $4 billion ($3-$5 billion) in supply chain costs. The findings present the global costs to attain the goals envisioned during the Decade of Vaccines to prevent millions of deaths by 2020 through more equitable access to existing vaccines for people in all communities. By projecting the full costs of immunization programs, our findings may aid to garner greater country and donor commitments toward adequate resource mobilization and efficient allocation. As service delivery costs have increasingly become the main driver of vaccination program costs, it is essential to pay additional consideration to health systems strengthening.

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“…Specifically, vaccine costs were primarily derived from Gavi, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and UNICEF price projections [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] in combination with doses from Gavi’s Adjusted Demand Forecast version 9 (ADFv9, released spring 2014) [16]. Supply chain costs were modeled based on simulations of country-specific models developed by the HERMES (Highly Extensible Resource for Modeling Event-Driven Supply Chains) Logistics Modeling Team [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]. Average and marginal service delivery costs per dose and operational support for SIAs were obtained from an analysis of cMYPs [28].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%