Renal Heterotransplmtation in Man

REEMTSHA, KEITLH; McCracken, Brian H.; SCHEGEL, J. U.

doi:10.1097/00000658-196409000-00006

Cited by 285 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Up to now. attempts at clinical xeno transplantation (XTP) have had limited suc cess and no 1 -year survival has been achieved [ 1,2], The existence of preformed antidonor antibodies (pAb) constitutes a well-estab lished feature in discordant xenograft combi nation leading to a hyperacute vascular rejec tion (HVR) of the transplant [3,4]. The ini tiating event is a specific immunologic reac tion leading to antibody-mediated injury of the vascular endothelium of the transplanted organ [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Nonparenchymal Liver Cells in Guinea Pig to Rat Hepatic Xenotransplantation

Crafa

Gugenheim²,

Saint–Paul³

et al. 1993

Eur Surg Res

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This work was undertaken to investigate the role of nonparenchymal liver cells in a discordant model of hepatic xenografting. Three experimental groups were established: in group 1 guinea pig to Lew rat liver xenotrans-plantations were performed; in group 2 both donor and recipient were treated with dextran sulfate, a known inhibitor of the reticuloendothelial system phagocytic function; in group 3 both donor and recipient were injected with muramyl dipeptide, a synthetic immunomodulator stimulating the monocyte/macrophage axis. Survival time was assessed and xenoantibody titers 30 min before and after the intervention, Kupffer cell activity 30 min after transplantation, histology and immunoglobulin and complement deposits of the grafted liver were evaluated too. Survival time of the xenografted rats in group 1 was 6.4 ± 0.31 h. Blockade of Kupffer cells by dextran sulfate administration significantly (p < 0.001) depressed the survival time (2.9 ± 0.31 h) of the grafted rats, while a significant increase (p < 0.001) was observed in the muramyl dipeptide-treated group (9.3 ± 0.52 h). A significant reduction of xenoantibody titers 30 min after intervention was observed in the muramyl dipeptide group while no reduction was observed in the dextran group. Thirty minutes after xenotransplantation sheep red blood cell ⁵¹Cr uptake was significantly depressed by dextran sulfate treatment while muramyl dipeptide administration restored the Kupffer cell activity. Histological changes worsened after dextran administration in comparison with the other groups. Immunoglobulins and complement deposits were diminished by dextran administration. Our findings suggest that the increased ability of lining cells to clear preformed antibodies from the blood supply may be responsible, at least partially, for the prolonged survival observed in the muramyl-treated group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Nonparenchymal Liver Cells in Guinea Pig to Rat Hepatic Xenotransplantation

Crafa

Gugenheim²,

Saint–Paul³

et al. 1993

Eur Surg Res

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“…(A patient with a kidney xenograft carried out by Hume died as a consequence of an uncontrollable diuresis which totaled 54 liters on the first postoperative day [23]. ) Survival of the patients ranged from 19 to 60 days (Table 1).…”

Section: Renal Xenotransplantation Using Baboons As a Source Of Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early clinical xenotransplantation experiences—An interview with Thomas E. Starzl, MD, PhD

Cooper

2017

Xenotransplantation

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Dr Thomas E. Starzl, who died on March 4, 2017, was one of the great pioneers of organ transplantation. He was also a pioneer in the field of xenotransplantation. In 1964 he carried out baboon kidney transplants in 6 patients with terminal renal disease for whom no living or deceased donor became available; graft survival was for 19–60 days, the grafts being lost largely through continuous complement activation. Between 1966 and 1974, he carried out one ex vivo liver perfusion and three orthotopic liver transplants using chimpanzees as sources of organs; graft survival was for <14 days. In 1992 and 1993, his team carried out baboon liver transplantation in two patients with cirrhosis from hepatitis B infection; graft survival was for 70 and 26 days, respectively. This early clinical experience is briefly discussed. Towards the end of his life, Dr Starzl was somewhat disillusioned by what he considered excessive regulation of medical research in the US, and believed that new advances were now likely to take place in countries such as China, where the regulatory framework is less developed.

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“…He selected the chimpanzee as the source of organs because of its close evolutionary relationship to humans. He carried out 13 of these transplants, on each occasion transplanting both kidneys from a chimpanzee (that generally weighs significantly less than an adult human) into the recipient [12]. …”

Section: Kidney Xenotransplantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of clinical xenotransplantation

Cooper

Ekser

Tector

2015

International Journal of Surgery

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Between the 17th and 20th centuries, blood was transfused from various animal species into patients with a variety of pathological conditions. Skin grafts were carried out in the 19th century, with grafts from a variety of animals, with frogs being the most popular. In the 1920s, Voronoff advocated the transplantation of slices of chimpanzee testis into elderly men, believing that the hormones produced by the testis would rejuvenate his patients. In 1963–4, when human organs were not available and dialysis was not yet in use, Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into 13 patients, one of whom returned to work for almost 9 months before suddenly dying from what was believed to be an electrolyte disturbance. The first heart transplant in a human ever performed was by Hardy in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within two hours. Starzl carried out the first chimpanzee-to-human liver transplantation in 1966; in 1992 he obtained patient survival for 70 days following a baboon liver transplant. The first clinical pig islet transplant was carried out by Groth in 1993. Today, genetically-modified pigs offer hope of a limitless supply of organs and cells for those in need of a transplant.

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Renal Heterotransplmtation in Man

Cited by 285 publications

References 9 publications

Role of Nonparenchymal Liver Cells in Guinea Pig to Rat Hepatic Xenotransplantation

Role of Nonparenchymal Liver Cells in Guinea Pig to Rat Hepatic Xenotransplantation

Early clinical xenotransplantation experiences—An interview with Thomas E. Starzl, MD, PhD

A brief history of clinical xenotransplantation

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