Renal Papillary Necrosis (RPN) in an African Population: Disease Patterns, Relevant Pathways, and Management

Abstract

Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is characterized by coagulative necrosis of the renal medullary pyramids and papillae. Multiple conditions and toxins are associated with RPN. Several RPN risk factors, or POSTCARDS, have been identified, with most patients presenting with RPN having at least two contributing risk factors. Currently, there is no specific test to diagnose and confirm RPN; however, several imaging tools can be used to diagnose the condition. RPN is currently underdiagnosed in African populations, often with fatal outcomes. In African clinical settings, there is a lack of consensus on how to define and describe RPN in terms of kidney anatomy, pathology, endourology, epidemiology, the identification of African-specific risk factors, the contribution of oxidative stress, and lastly an algorithm for managing the condition. Several risk factors are unique to African populations including population-specific genetic factors, iatrogenic factors, viral infections, antimicrobial therapy, schistosomiasis, substance abuse, and hypertension (GIVASSH). Oxidative stress is central to both GIVASSH and POSTCARDS-associated risk factors. In this review, we present information specific to African populations that can be used to establish an updated consensual definition and practical grading system for radiologists, urologists, nephrologists, nuclear physicians, and pathologists in African clinical settings.

Reliability analysis of cock valve based on FMECA

“…Purpose of CA, it is necessary to consider various causes according to the impact degree, occurrence possibility and detection difficulty of each fault in the system Prime is rated. CA hazard analysis can be divided into two methods: Risk Priority Number [13] (RPN) and the harmfulness matrix method. According to the actual situation based on data, the risk priority coefficient is adopted in this study Method for CA hazard analysis [15] .…”