Renal Regulation of Electrolyte and Acid- Base Balance in Ruminants

Lunn, D. P.; McGuirk, Sheila M.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30891-4

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Cuando el pH urinario se encuentra alcalino, la excreción de amonio es casi cercana a 0, como se evidencia en diferentes estudios (25,32). Esto explica por qué los valores encontrados en la concentración de amonio antes de la presentación del fenómeno de aciduria fueron bajos.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Aproximación físico-química a las alteraciones ácido base en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis hipoclorémica

Rodríguez

Espinosa

2017

Rev. Med. Vet.

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Cómo citar este artículo: Martínez Rodríguez DA, Oliver Espinosa OJ. Aproximación físico-química a las alteraciones ácido base en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis hipoclorémica. Rev Med Vet. 2017;(35) ResumenLa aproximación físico-química para determinar el pH urinario es relativamente nueva y no se ha usado en condiciones patológicas en animales. En el presente artículo, el objetivo principal fue demostrar la validez de esta teoría en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica. Se realizó un estudio de tipo experimental para la inducción de la alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica en ovinos. Durante el periodo de control y de inducción se determinaron en la orina: pH calculado, pH medido, excreción neta de ácido, amonio y diferencia de iones fuertes en la orina (SID) cada 24 h hasta el desarrollo de la aciduria paradójica o el deterioro físico de los sujetos. Se determinó la correlación de Pearson (r) entre el pH medido y calculado a partir del modelo del SID en la orina. Se observó una correlación alta entre el pH urinario medido y el calculado usando el SID calculado con base en la excreción neta de ácido (r = 0,874). La correlación entre SID calculado y pH en orina fue significativa (r = 0,839). Sin embargo, la correlación entre el SID y el pH medido de la orina fue moderada (r = 0,588). Se concluye que existe una alta correlación entre el pH calculado a partir del SID usando la excreción neta de ácido y el pH medido en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica. Esto indica que el pH urinario depende fuertemente del SID y, por lo tanto, la reducción en el pH puede ser explicada por la disminución del SID.Palabras clave: alcalosis metabólica, aciduria paradójica, aproximación físico-química, diferencia de iones fuertes, excreción neta de ácido, ovinos. Physical-chemical approach to acid-base alterations in the urine of sheep with hypochloremic alkalosis AbstractThe physical-chemical approach to determine urinary pH is relatively new and has not yet been used in pathological conditions in animals. The main objective of this paper was to demonstrate the validity of this theory in the urine of sheep with hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. An experimental-type study was conducted to induce hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in sheep. During the control and induction periods, calculated pH, measured pH, net acid excretion, ammonium and strong ion difference (SID) in urine were examined every 24 hours until development of paradoxical aciduria or physical deterioration of subjects. Pearson's correlation (r) was determined between measured and calculated pH based on SID in urine. A high correlation between measured and calculated urine pH was observed using SID calculated from net acid excretion (r = 0.874). The correlation between calculated SID and urine pH was significant (r = 0.839). However, the correlation between SID and measured urine pH

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Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Esta hipótesis no se pudo comprobar, ya que no fue posible la medición de electrolitos y el cálculo directo del SID. Sin embargo, esta inferencia es la presunción más cercana a la explicación de este comportamiento en las concentraciones de amonio (9,26,(32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Aproximación físico-química a las alteraciones ácido base en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis hipoclorémica

Rodríguez

Espinosa

2017

Rev. Med. Vet.

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“…The positive aspect of acidosis is not fully understood, but at least part of it lies in its effect on the conversion of vitamin D to its active hormonal metabolite 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , a key component stimulating intestinal absorption of dietary calcium, bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption [22]. The resulting metabolic acidosis improves calcium homeostatic mechanisms by enhancing the effect of PTH and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on bone, intestinal absorption and renal regulation of calcium [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Anionic Salt and Highly Fermentable Carbohydrate Supplementations on Urine pH and on Experimentally Induced Hypocalcaemia in Cows

Mellau

Jørgensen²,

Bartlett

et al. 2004

Acta Vet Scand

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The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of dietary grain on calcium homeostasis. Six rumen-fistulated dairy cows with 3 or more previous lactations and no history of parturient paresis were randomly assigned to a sequence of diets in a crossover study with 4 periods of 10 days each. Dietary treatments were: A control ration consisting of wrap grass silage alone (1), the control ration supplemented with ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate salt solution (2), control ration following a period with supplementation (3) and control ration supplemented with increasing amounts of barley from 4 to 10 kg/cow per day, expected to produce subclinical rumen acidosis (4). Daily intake of the diets was adjusted to 14 kg DM/cow per day. On day 11, the calcium-regulating mechanisms in cows were challenged until recumbency by a standardized intravenous EDTA infusion and cows were left to recover spontaneously. Anion supplementation and the feeding of highly fermentable carbohydrate lowered urine pH below 7.0 due to subclinical acidosis. During spontaneous recovery from EDTA induced hypocalcaemia, the cows more quickly regained a whole blood free calcium concentration of 1.00 mmol/L if they had most recently been supplemented with either anionic salts or with increasing amounts of barley, as compared to the basic ration. It is concluded that so-called slug-feeding or 'steaming up' with highly fermentable carbohydrates before parturition in milk fever susceptible cows enhanced calcium homeostasis similar to the effect seen in cows on anionic diets.

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“…This observation strongly suggests that the kidney is capable of adapting its neutralizing capacity towards acidotic challenge. Under normal physiological conditions the low urine pH is compensated by increased net acid excretion (NAE) to maintain the normal acid–base equilibrium in the blood (Luun and McGuirk, 1990). The NAE is a measure of the effect of renal excretion on plasma strong ion difference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Short‐Term Anion Salt Exposure on Urine pH and on Resistance to Experimentally Induced Hypocalcaemia in Cows

Mellau¹,

Jørgensen²,

Kambarage

2002

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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The objective of this experiment was to induce acidification by anion salt supplementation for 2 days or 10 days and to study the prophylactic effects of such supplementation in preventing hypocalcaemia in cows. It was further attempted to monitor the extent to which any effect on the calcium-regulating mechanisms would persist following a 10-day period of acidification with anion salts. Study animals were three untreated control cows and three cows supplemented with ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate in their ration for 2 days or 10 days through the rumen cannula. The basic ration of hay was dominated by Urochloa spp. The pH of the urine of the control cows was around 8.00 throughout the experiment and was considered normal. Anion-supplemented cows produced urine with a daily mean pH between 5.5 and 7.0, possibly due to anion salt exposure. The ability to withstand hypocalcaemic challenges was tested by a standardized intravenous infusion of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA). The calcium regaining time (CRT), expressed as time spent to reach 1.00 mmol/l of ionized calcium during recovery from the EDTA-induced hypocalcaemia, was used to compare cow responses. In the control cows the unexpectedly short CRT, especially during the weekly EDTA tests, could be a result of the repeated induced episodes of hypocalcaemia caused by the EDTA infusions. The improved CRT in the anion-supplemented cows may thus be interpreted as the combined effect of the repeated hypocalcaemic episodes due to EDTA infusions and probably the effect of anion-induced metabolic acidosis on endocrine-regulated calcium homeostatic mechanisms. The effect of anion salt exposure for 10 days on the improvement of calcium-regulating mechanisms was not clear due to the unexpected improvement of CRT that was exhibited by the untreated control cows as well. An on-farm trial of the effect of a 2-day or 10-day anion exposure of dry cows on calcium-regulating mechanisms is suggested.

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Renal Regulation of Electrolyte and Acid- Base Balance in Ruminants

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Aproximación físico-química a las alteraciones ácido base en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis hipoclorémica

Aproximación físico-química a las alteraciones ácido base en la orina de ovinos con alcalosis hipoclorémica

Effect of Anionic Salt and Highly Fermentable Carbohydrate Supplementations on Urine pH and on Experimentally Induced Hypocalcaemia in Cows

The Influence of Short‐Term Anion Salt Exposure on Urine pH and on Resistance to Experimentally Induced Hypocalcaemia in Cows

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