Renal responses of reindeer to high and low protein diet and sodium supplement

Valtonen, Maija

doi:10.23986/afsci.72006

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The losses of both absolute body weight and estimated rumen-free body together with increased plasma urea concentrations during the restriction period, indicated that the animals degraded muscle tissue. This was in accordance to Valtonen (1979), who found that reindeer fed a low protein diet with insufficient energy intake used body protein as an energy source, which resulted in increased plasma urea values. The drop in glucose concentrations and Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…and, together with the small or deficient fat reserves, reflected that our animals did not get excess of energy. Reindeer in group C remained healthy with stable blood metabolites throughout the experiment, and had weight losses similar to those observed for reindeer fed a low protein diet (Valtonen, 1979), but less than for reindeer fed a pure lichen diet (Sletten & Hove, 1990;Aagnes & Mathiesen, 1994;Øksendal, 1994). This indicated that the mixing of shrubs and leaves did increase the protein content of the diet, but only marginally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…It is well established that ruminant blood urea rises with increasing protein intake (e.g. Lewis, 1957) and this positive correlation has also been shown in feeding experiments with reindeer (Valtonen, 1979;Sakkinen et al, 1999;Ulla Heiskari, pers. comm.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…comm.). Valtonen (1979) concluded that blood urea concentrations reflected the alterations in dietary protein intake, but only when the energy intake was sufficient. The concentration of urea may, thus, be hard to interpret as an indicator of the nutritional state of reindeer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…urea, plasma protein, glucose and insulin. Urea, plasma protein and 188 glucose have been measured in several field studies (Hyvarinen et al, 1976;Nieminen 1980;Nieminen & Timisjarvi, 1983;Soveri et al, 1992) and urea also in basic physiological studies (Wales et al, 1972;Hove & Jacobsen, 1975;Valtonen & Eriksson, 1977;Valtonen, 1979). There are some data on single metabolites from feeding experiments with reindeer (Larsen et al, 1985;Nieminen etal, 1987; Sakkinen e/<?/.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Nilsson¹,

Danell²,

Murphy³

et al. 2000

Ran

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Abstract:The transition from experimentally induced poor nutritional conditions to feeding was studied with 69 eightmonth-old female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). During a pre-experimental period, all reindeer were fed a simulated winter diet with 80% lichens Cladina spp. and 20% Vaccinum myrtillus shrubs and Salix spp. leaves (lichen diet) ad lib. The reindeer were divided into five groups. A control group (group C) was fed the lichen diet ad lib. throughout the experiment. Four groups were fed half of that ration for eight days and were then totally deprived of feed for one day (restriction period). During the following 34 days (feeding period) the groups were re-fed the lichen diet (group L), fed pelleted reindeer feed combined with either lichen (group PL) or grass silage (group PS), or fed silage with a gradually increasing addition of pellets (group SP). Weekly measurements of blood samples and body weighr showed that the control group remained clinically healthy and had stable blood plasma concentrations of protein, urea, glucose and insulin throughout the experiment, but they lost weight. At slaughter, before and after the restriction period, all animals had lost rumen-free body weight, but the reindeer fed a restricted amount of feed lost more than the control group. Also the plasma metabolites were affected by the restricted feeding, with increased concentrations of urea and decreased concentrations of glucose. Group L responded immediately to the ad lib. feeding with blood metabolite levels rapidly approaching those of group C. The body weight developments were similar in groups L and C. Although the feed rations were increased gradually, diarrhoea occurred in some animals belonging to groups PL and PS within the first week of the feeding period. All reindeer recovered, after antibiotic treatment of the worst affected animals. The PL and PS groups, which had high contents of metabolisable energy and crude protein in their diets, showed increased concenttations of plasma protein, urea and insulin. At the end of the feeding period, these groups had increased their body and carcass weights and gained fat, whereas reindeer fed the lichen diet had lost weight. Severe health problems (malnutrition and so-called wet belly) occurred in group SP during the first weeks of feeding and led to loss of animals, and consequently the SP group was excluded from the remainder of rhe experiment. The general conclusion is that the lichen diet did not cause any digestive problems, but resulted in a continuous decline in body weight and small or deficient fat reserves. After the initial diarrhoea, feeding with diets comprising pellets from the start resulted in improved condition, expressed as increased body weight, fat gain and higher concentrations of plasma protein, urea and insulin in relation to the control group. The diet initially based on grass in the form of silage of the given quality seemed insufficient as feed to reindeer calves in a poor nutritional state.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Nilsson¹,

Danell²,

Murphy³

et al. 2000

Ran

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Renal Control of Plasma Urea Level in Sheep: The Diuretic Effect of Urea, Potassium and Sodium Chloride

Godwin¹,

Williams²

1984

Exp Physiol

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Two merino ewes were fed 800 and then 1000 g of lucerne chaff per day and renal responses and extracellular fluid volume (E.C.F.) were determined. Urine urea nitrogen, glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.), urine volume, effective renal plasma flow (E.R.P.F.) and E.C.F. increased in both animals with the greater nitrogen intake. In a second experiment, five merino wethers and four merino ewes were infused intraruminally with increasing quantities of urea, whilst being fed a mainly roughage ration, and the above parameters were determined. No significant changes in G.F.R., E.R.P.F. or E.C.F. were noted. Urinary excretion maintained a linear response to nitrogen input until 20·6 g of urea nitrogen per day were infused. At this level of infusion, an increased fractional reabsorption of urea resulted in a large increase in plasma urea concentration, but when 500 mmol of NaCl or KCl were added to the infusate, urine urea nitrogen excretion increased from 10·4 to 11·4 and 11·9 g/d respectively and plasma urea concentration decreased from 68·0 to 35·2 and 37·3 mg nitrogen/100 ml. Urea clearance virtually trebled with both electrolyte infusions and E.C.F. and G.F.R. increased by aproximately 10 and 25% respectively. It is concluded that urea alone has limited diuretic ability and that the increased electrolyte content of higher protein dry roughage diets aids urine urea excretion by increasing G.F.R., and the urine flow rate by an osmotic diuretic effect.

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Wet Belly in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Relation to Body Condition, Body Temperature and Blood Constituents

et al. 2002

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Åhman B, Nilsson A, Eloranta E, Olsson K: Wet belly in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to body condition, body temperature and blood constituents. Acta vet. scand. 2002, 43, 85-97. -Wet belly, when the reindeer becomes wet over the lower parts of the thorax and abdomen, sometimes occurs in reindeer during feeding. In a feeding experiment, 11 out of 69 reindeer were affected by wet belly. The problem was first observed in 7 animals during a period of restricted feed intake. When the animals were then fed standard rations, 3 additional animals fed only silage, and 1 fed pellets and silage, became wet. Four animals died and 1 had to be euthanised. To investigate why reindeer developed wet belly, we compared data from healthy reindeer and reindeer affected by wet belly. Urea, plasma protein, glucose, insulin and cortisol were affected by restricted feed intake or by diet but did not generally differ between healthy reindeer and those with wet belly. The wet animals had low body temperature and the deaths occurred during a period of especially cold weather. Animals that died were emaciated and showed different signs of infections and stress. In a second experiment, with 20 reindeer, the feeding procedure of the most affected group in the first experiment was repeated, but none of the reindeer showed any signs of wet belly. The study shows that wet belly is not induced by any specific diet and may affect also lichen-fed reindeer. The fluid making the fur wet was proven to be of internal origin. Mortality was caused by emaciation, probably secondary to reduced energy intake caused by diseases and/or unsuitable feed.feeding; health; wet abdomen; urea; plasma protein; glucose; insulin; cortisol.

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Renal responses of reindeer to high and low protein diet and sodium supplement

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Renal Control of Plasma Urea Level in Sheep: The Diuretic Effect of Urea, Potassium and Sodium Chloride

Wet Belly in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Relation to Body Condition, Body Temperature and Blood Constituents

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