Rendering of X3D content on mobile devices with OpenGL ES

Nadalutti, Daniele; Chittaro, Luca; Buttussi, Fabio

doi:10.1145/1122591.1122594

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Indeed, mobile computation still faces various limitations, including limited CPU (Central Processing Unit) and memory, the absence or limited performance of graphics accelerators, the absence or limited performance of FPUs (Floating Point Units) and energy consumption issues (Nadalutti et al, 2006). When examining any issues related to computing performance, it is important to understand the hardware and software architecture of the system.…”

Section: Improving Performance -Examining System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial research carried out in order to overcome limitations of mobile rendering focussed on hardware (Nadalutti et al, 2006). For example (Woo et al, 2001) produced small graphic accelerator chips to allow high performance combined with low power consumption.…”

Section: Hardware Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.1.1 Server Side Rendering For server-side rendering, data processing and rendering takes place on a powerful computer (with performance enhanced by clustering servers and using graphics accelerators) (Lamberti et al, 2003) and only the results are sent to the mobile client (Nadalutti et al, 2006, Brachtl et al, 2001, most commonly as an image or "raster". As with 2D mapping, a number of providers have generated 3D raster maps for use on mobile devices (see Figure 2 which shows 3D mapping available from Google).…”

Section: Hardware Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Lod 1 vs. Lod 2 – Preliminary Investigations Into Differences in Mobile Rendering Performance

Ellul

Altenbuchner

2013

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The increasing availability, size and detail of 3D City Model datasets has led to a challenge when rendering such data on mobile devices. Understanding the limitations to the usability of such models on these devices is particularly important given the broadening range of applications -such as pollution or noise modelling, tourism, planning, solar potential -for which these datasets and resulting visualisations can be utilized. Much 3D City Model data is created by extrusion of 2D topographic datasets, resulting in what is known as Level of Detail (LoD) 1 buildings -with flat roofs. However, in the UK the National Mapping Agency (the Ordnance Survey, OS) is now releasing test datasets to Level of Detail (LoD) 2 -i.e. including roof structures. These datasets are designed to integrate with the LoD 1 datasets provided by the OS, and provide additional detail in particular on larger buildings and in town centres. The availability of such integrated datasets at two different Levels of Detail permits investigation into the impact of the additional roof structures (and hence the display of a more realistic 3D City Model) on rendering performance on a mobile device. This paper describes preliminary work carried out to investigate this issue, for the test area of the city of Sheffield (in the UK Midlands). The data is stored in a 3D spatial database as triangles and then extracted and served as a web-based data stream which is queried by an App developed on the mobile device (using the Android environment, Java and OpenGL for graphics). Initial tests have been carried out on two dataset sizes, for the city centre and a larger area, rendering the data onto a tablet to compare results. Results of 52 seconds for rendering LoD 1 data, and 72 seconds for LoD 1 mixed with LoD 2 data, show that the impact of LoD 2 is significant.

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Section: Improving Performance -Examining System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hardware Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hardware Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lod 1 vs. Lod 2 – Preliminary Investigations Into Differences in Mobile Rendering Performance

Ellul

Altenbuchner

2013

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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“…In such systems, the data to visualize is processed remotely and transferred to a consumer as finally rendered image or video, or in a form that can be processed and rendered by the consumer more easily. Besides the OGC portrayal initiative, multiple other projects tackle the field of remote 3D visualization [9,10].…”

Section: Remote Visualizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Advanced and Interactive Web Perspective View Services

Hagedorn

Hildebrandt

Döllner

2009

Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences

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Abstract. The Web Perspective View Service (WPVS) generates 2D images of perspective views of 3D geovirtual environments (e.g., virtual 3D city models) and represents one fundamental class of portrayal services. As key advantage, this image-based approach can be deployed across arbitrary networks due to serverside 3D rendering and 3D model management. However, restricted visualization and interaction capabilities of WPVS-based applications represent its main weaknesses. To overcome these limitations, we present the concept and an implementation of the WPVS++, a WPVS extension, which provides A) additional thematic information layers for generated images and B) additional service operations for requesting spatial and thematic information. Based on these functional extensions, WPVS++ clients can implement various 3D visualization and interaction features without changing the underlying working principle, which leads to an increased degree of interactivity and is demonstrated by prototypic web-based client applications.

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“…First, the rendering of 3D models is a heavy process for both the graphical processing unit (GPU) and the central processing unit (CPU), and furthermore, 3D rendering requires a lot of memory to run fluently [16]. Second, the size of the 3D models that need to be delivered is large, which sets demands for the wireless bandwidth [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization Techniques for 3D Graphics Deployment on Mobile Devices

Koskela

Vatjus-Anttila

2015

3D Res

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3D Internet technologies are becoming essential enablers in many application areas including games, education, collaboration, navigation and social networking. The use of 3D Internet applications with mobile devices provides location-independent access and richer use context, but also performance issues. Therefore, one of the important challenges facing 3D Internet applications is the deployment of 3D graphics on mobile devices. In this article, we present an extensive survey on optimization techniques for 3D graphics deployment on mobile devices and qualitatively analyze the applicability of each technique from the standpoints of visual quality, performance and energy consumption. The analysis focuses on optimization techniques related to data-driven 3D graphics deployment, because it supports off-line use, multiuser interaction, user-created 3D graphics and creation of arbitrary 3D graphics. The outcome of the analysis facilitates the development and deployment of 3D Internet applications on mobile devices and provides guidelines for future research. Graphical Abstract

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Rendering of X3D content on mobile devices with OpenGL ES

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

Lod 1 vs. Lod 2 – Preliminary Investigations Into Differences in Mobile Rendering Performance

Lod 1 vs. Lod 2 – Preliminary Investigations Into Differences in Mobile Rendering Performance

Towards Advanced and Interactive Web Perspective View Services

Optimization Techniques for 3D Graphics Deployment on Mobile Devices

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