Renewable Energy Supported Bi-directional Electric-Vehicle Charging Station Allocation in Distribution Network using INBPSO Technique

Abstract

With the sustained growth in the electric-vehicle (EV) industry, the installation of a large number of electric-vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) is the utmost important in recent energy policies of all countries. On the other side, due to the augmented awareness on renewable energy especially the photovoltaic (PV) and wind energies, the installation of renewable energy based EVCSs and their integration into the radial distribution networks have become a promising choice with the feasible bi-directional power flow facility catered by the EVCSs. Bi-directional EVCSs can enable power flow from renewable source/EV to grid and grid to EV to balance power demand for EV as well as distribution network. The optimum allotment of renewable energy powered EVCSs in existing power distribution system is a matter of great significance to maintain the power balance as well as the voltage profile and to minimize the total active power loss of the network. This paper presents a strategy for optimum allocation of renewable energy powered EVCSs in a large distribution network with the focus on power balance, voltage profile improvement, and active power loss minimization. An improved new binary particle swarm optimization (INBPSO) technique is applied in collaboration with a fast and efficient power flow analysis technique for performing dynamic power flow computation. Validation is conducted on IEEE 15-bus system considering different cases of power flow directions and power ratings. Additionally, voltage as well as loss sensitivity analyses are performed to ascertain the acceptability of the optimum locations obtained by the computation approach.

Vehicle-to-grid system optimization for electric vehicle – a review

“…The advantages of this setup are evident when excess energy generated by renewable sources is intelligently harnessed to charge the EV, offering a cleaner and more sustainable energy solution for transportation. Moreover, when the EV is fully charged or not in use, the aggregator can cleverly direct the surplus energy from the EV battery back to the grid or other power consumers [7]. This thoughtful process not only helps to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources but also plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the grid [3].…”

“…The innovative V2G technology brings forth a multitude of benefits, encompassing dynamic power assistance, reactive energy aid, power factor regulation, and seamless integration of renewable energy sources [7]. Figure 2 illustrates a standard V2G charging unit comprising two transformation modules: an AC to DC converter and a DC-to-DC converter.…”

“…With the ability to function as reservoirs and distributors of energy, electric vehicles effectively address the variability concerns associated with renewable energy sources. In essence, this setup offers a promising solution to overcome the obstacles encountered in the integration of renewable energy [7].…”

“…By strategically optimizing the system, the charging and discharging of energy from EV batteries can be timed to coincide with periods of low energy demand. Not only does this lead to cost reductions for consumers, but it also helps maintain the stability of the power grid by balancing energy supply and demand [7], [8]. Optimization plays a crucial role in achieving a stable power network by effectively managing the energy exchange between electric vehicle batteries and the grid.…”

“…In such cases, Nonlinear Programming (NLP) and Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) approaches are preferred. However, these approaches struggle with uncertain variables and demand significant computational resources for real-world challenges [7]. Another optimization technique, the priority list method, offers rapid computational speed but relies heavily on heuristics [4], [6], [8].…”