Renewable vanillin-based flame retardant toughening agent with ultra-low phosphorus loading for the fabrication of high-performance epoxy thermoset

Chu, Fukai; Ma, Chao; Zhang, Tao; Xu, Zhoumei; Mu, Xiaowei; Cai, Wei; Zhou, Xia; Ma, Shicong; Zhou, Yifan; Hu, Weizhao; Song, Lei

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107925

Cited by 132 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Due to the rigid structure of VECA and higher cross-link density, the pull-off adhesion property of composites decreased with the increasing wt% of VECA content compared to the commercial cured epoxy resin. Chu and coworkers [ 165 ] have recently reported that the flame retardant VN-based toughening curing agent, PVSi, for the epoxy matrix (EP). They studied the effect of PVSi on the impact toughness and FR.…”

Section: Applications Of Vanillin-based Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications

et al. 2021

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By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), and divanillin (6,6′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxybiphenyl-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde)-based resins have attracted attention due to the low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This review highlights the recent use of lignin, vanillin, and divanillin-based resins with natural fiber composites and their synthesized processes. Finally, discussions are made on the curing kinetics, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and bio-based resins’ adhesion property.

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Section: Applications Of Vanillin-based Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Limit oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test ( a ) epoxy matrix (EP) and EP-based composites, ( b ) the residue image of EP and EP-based composites, ( c ) UL-94 vertical burning test, digital photos of ( d ) neat EP, and ( e ) EP/PVSi-5.0. Reprinted with permission from F. Chu et al [ 165 ] Copyright 2020 Elsevier. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications

et al. 2021

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“…[1][2][3] However, the high density, and high rigidity of the crosslinked networks formed by epoxy resins and curing agents make these materials exhibit brittleness, which greatly affects their application. [4][5][6] Therefore, much effort has been exerted to toughen cured epoxy resins and thereby expand their application range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1970s, epoxy resins have been widely used in pigments, coatings, adhesives, industrial tools, aerospace industries, electronic materials, and biomedical systems 1–3 . However, the high density, and high rigidity of the crosslinked networks formed by epoxy resins and curing agents make these materials exhibit brittleness, which greatly affects their application 4–6 . Therefore, much effort has been exerted to toughen cured epoxy resins and thereby expand their application range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and performance of flexible epoxy resin with long alkyl side chains via click reaction

Dai

Sui

et al. 2021

Journal of Polymer Science

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Epoxy resin is a thermosetting polymer with excellent performance and wide application. However, it suffers from low toughness and high brittleness because of its high crosslink density. To overcome these disadvantages, this study synthesizes a toughened, flexible, and hydrophobic epoxy resin (DGEBDBP) by introducing a flexible segment into the polymer network via a thiol-ene click reaction. The cured flexible epoxy resin is obtained by mixing E44, DGEBDBP, and polyamide curing agents of varying contents. The long alkyl side chains significantly improve the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of the cured epoxy resin. The sample containing 75% DGEBDBP and 25% E44 achieve the highest breaking elongation that was nine times that of pure E44, the highest compressive strength of 112.8 MPa, and the highest contact angle of 101.4. The introduction of side chains through the thiol-ene click reaction can provide a simple and effective method for designing and preparing multifunctional epoxy resins.

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“…They may be safer, but they have caused the depletion of nonrenewable resources in the manufacturing process. [ 26–28 ] It is important to solve the energy consumption problem by utilizing renewable resources as FRs for polymeric materials, [ 29,30 ] such as chitosan, [ 31 ] vanillin, [ 32 ] phytic acid, [ 33 ] alginate, [ 34,35 ] and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bio‐Based Cobalt Alginate on the Fire Safety and Mechanical Properties for Epoxy Resin

Liu

Tao

et al. 2021

Macro Materials & Eng

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There is a growing demand to develop epoxy resins (EP) with smoke suppression as well as satisfactory flame retardancy. Herein, bio‐based cobalt alginate is successfully fabricated and incorporated into EP to prepare EP/Cobalt Alginate composites with better fire safety performance. The addition of cobalt alginate reduces the thermal‐decomposition rate, temperature at maximum weight‐loss rate of EP, whereas obviously improves the thermal stabilities at a higher temperature range. Furthermore, the addition of cobalt alginate substantially reduces the fire hazard of EP, resulting in 56.2% reduction in peak heat release rate, as well as 17.8% and 56.3% reduction in total smoke production and peak smoke production rate, respectively, compared with EP matrix. Moreover, the presence of cobalt alginate increases smoke‐suppressant properties, according to the smoke density test. Additionally, the incorporation of cobalt alginate has no obviously destructive effect on the mechanical properties of EP, while EP/Cobalt Alginate‐3 exhibits a 27.0% improvement in impact strength. In prospective, this study may provide a significant method for producing eco‐friendly flame retardant EP.

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Renewable vanillin-based flame retardant toughening agent with ultra-low phosphorus loading for the fabrication of high-performance epoxy thermoset

Cited by 132 publications

References 71 publications

Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications

Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications

Synthesis and performance of flexible epoxy resin with long alkyl side chains via click reaction

Effect of Bio‐Based Cobalt Alginate on the Fire Safety and Mechanical Properties for Epoxy Resin

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