We show that the geometry of the Wilson lines, entering the operator definition of the transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions and that of the soft factor, follows from the kinematics of the underlying physical process in conjunction with the gauge invariance of the QCD Lagrangian. We demonstrate our method in terms of concrete examples and determine the paths of the associated Wilson lines. The validation of the factorization theorem in our approach is postponed to future work.
I. INTRODUCTIONParton distribution functions, integrated and those that retain the partonic transverse degrees of freedom unintegrated, have to include Wilson lines (gauge links) in order to render their definitions gauge invariant (see, [1] for a recent review). There are several ways to obtain the Wilson-line structure of the parton distribution operator in deeply inelastic scattering (DIS). The most known procedure is the direct resummation of the collinear gluon radiation diagrams, see, e.g., [2,3]. This method can be applied to transverse momentum dependent (TMD) processes as well, and it allows to determine the appropriate configuration of Wilson lines in the parton distribution functions (PDFs) that parameterize them [2,3]. On the other hand, the geometry of the soft factor does not directly follow from the resummation procedure, but is rather related to the removal of rapidity singularities [4][5][6][7]. A counterexample is the approach used in [8], based on the soft collinear effective theory (SCET), in which one can establish a TMD factorization theorem and explicitly derive the soft factor with the appropriate Wilson lines. The drawback of the SCET approach is that one cannot really pass back to the original QCD fields, and, hence, a direct comparison of the operator expressions is questionable.