Reparative therapy and beliefs in the practice of clinical psychology: A systematic review

“Extremely toxic and evil” reflections on gender identity change efforts by Christian religious leaders: Implications for therapy with transgender and nonbinary clients

“…Similar to the existing research, the participants also felt that therapists who were utilizing GICE were doing so based on their own religious beliefs (Campbell et al, 2019; Capra et al, 2021; Darwin, 2020; Dromer et al, 2022; Plante, 2022). This acknowledgment of how therapists were using their own religious beliefs to justify GICE came with a challenge from the participants for these therapists to consider other religious perspectives and to re‐examine their own beliefs.…”

“…Both religious leaders and therapists who support and utilize GICE often justify the practice of GICE based on their own religious beliefs that are frequently informed by Christian religious fundamentalism and literal interpretations of the Bible that gender is inherently binary and determined by one's sex assigned at birth (Campbell et al, 2019; Capra et al, 2021; Darwin, 2020; Dromer et al, 2022; James et al, 2016; Plante, 2022). Results from the 2015 US Transgender Survey found that 20% of the respondents who were involved in a faith community in the past year experienced some form of religious rejection based on their transgender identity, including being asked to meet with faith leaders to stop them from being transgender and/or being told by faith leaders to see a professional (e.g., a therapist) to stop them from being transgender (James et al, 2016).…”