Repeatable Dynamic Rollover Test Procedure with Controlled Roof Impact

Cooper, Eddie; Moffatt, Edward A.; Curzon, Anne M.; Smyth, Brian; Orlowski, K F

doi:10.4271/2001-01-0476

Cited by 35 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In about 90% of the accidents, a vehicle rolls over more than once. Injuries are mainly caused by roof structure being too week, people falling out of the windows, and unfastened seatbelts (Cooper et al 2001;McGregor et al 2010). The latter two causes were identified by vehicle safety specialists around 1960.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the Influence of a-Pillar on Passive Safety of a Vehicle in Case of Rollover

2015

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The need for the means ensuring passive safety of a vehicle is becoming increasingly emphasized in the area of transport engineering. This area becomes particularly relevant when restoration of the damaged load bearing structures in vehicles is concerned. When performing restoration and modification of the vehicles according to specific needs or repairing them after traffic accidents, the lack of norms giving formalized determination of passive safety and recommendations for its assurance becomes obvious. Computational model of the roof structure developed in LSDYNA is presented, the weld intended for the structure joints is modelled, and residual stresses due to welding process are taken into account, the most effective model of weld location for A-pillar is selected and the influence of A-pillar on the strength of vehicle’s roof structure is determined in case of quasi-static compression.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers (Cooper et al 2001) came to the conclusion that the average rollover roof deflection may reach ~152 mm. The analysis has shown that large roof deflections during rollover significantly reduce the survival area for the passenger's head, increase the possibility of injury, and contribute considerably to severity of injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Influence of a-Pillar on Passive Safety of a Vehicle in Case of Rollover

2015

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“…Previous investigations into rollover injury and prevention have attempted to describe vehicle and occupant kinematics during the rollover's critical event (Bahling 1990, Raddin et al 2009, Young et al 2007, Moffatt and James 2005. Despite the importance of pre-crash occupant position and its effects on loading, current rollover testing methodologies, such as the controlled rollover impact system (CRIS) and the Jordan rollover system (JRS) have largely ignored the issue of occupant position (Cooper et al, 2001;Moffatt et al, 2003;Friedman et al, 2003). CRIS and JRS Tests have been previously performed in a nominal driving posture, which likely represents a very small minority of real rollover situations.…”

Section: Introduction the Crashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

Foster¹

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Rollover crashes are a major public health concern, associated with over one-third of all passenger vehicle fatalities in the US. Of the injuries sustained by occupants in rollover crashes, cervical spine trauma is among the most frequent and life threatening. Occupant initial orientation and loading distribution has been shown to influence injury outcome in biomechanical testing with cadaveric subjects; however, these loading conditions have not been well characterized for rollover-involved occupants. Slight changes in boundary condition or eccentricity in axial compression (the loading mechanism most associated with cervical spine injury in this crash mode) have been shown to have enormous bearing on the injury tolerance and severity of injury. A thorough review of cadaveric injury mechanism literature and of clinically representative rollover cases (queried from a national trauma database) was conducted for the purpose of retrospectively linking injury with failure mechanism and reverse-engineering the loading environments experienced by rollover-involved occupants with cervical spine trauma. Data gathered from these analytical observations, such as the influence of laterally eccentric loading, passive musculature, and torso augmentation, help establish an in vitro test approach relevant to injurious rollover-type loading. Cervical spine compression tests with full post-mortem human surrogates were performed at the Center for Applied Biomechanics with the goals of assessing 1) boundary condition influence on bony fracture in a full cadaver, 2) the effective mass of the human torso as it augments load to the base of the cervical column (the process believed by experts to be the greatest contributing factor to cervical spine injury in v rollovers), and 3) the subsequent buckling kinematics of the cervical spine during the initiation of an applied axial load. Dynamic high-speed x-ray was employed for this study, showing buckling of the spine within the first 12 milliseconds of axial loading, a phenomenon never before observed radiologically in situ. Bony fracture was produced in 3 of the 4 surrogates, all of which coincide with relevant rollover type fracture and compressive injury mechanism. Injury outcome differences, however, raise questions pertaining to the end conditions and effective torso mass employed by previous authors in simplified cervical spine studies, the same studies used for injury reference values in current neck injury criteria. Kinematics data was ascertained to determine the amount of cephalocaudal translation that is required to initiate 2nd-order buckling of the neck, a value found to be lower than previously believed. Findings of this study can be used in the design of component level (head-neck complex) biomechanical tests of the human cervical spine, a significant experimentation cost reduction from full-scale cadaveric testing. This study illustrates the disparity between previous test approaches and this author's methodology which lays the groundwork for future studies in determining ...

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Occupant Dynamics in Rollover Crashes: Influence of Roof Deformation and Seat Belt Performance on Probable Spinal Column Injury

Bidez

Cochran

King³

et al. 2007

Ann Biomed Eng

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Abstract-Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in the United States for people ages 3-33, and rollover crashes have a higher fatality rate than any other crash mode. At the request and under the sponsorship of Ford Motor Company, Autoliv conducted a series of dynamic rollover tests on Ford Explorer sport utility vehicles (SUV) during 1998 and 1999. Data from those tests were made available to the public and were analyzed in this study to investigate the magnitude of and the temporal relationship between roof deformation, lap-shoulder seat belt loads, and restrained anthropometric test dummy (ATD) neck loads.During each of the three FMVSS 208 dolly rollover tests of Ford Explorer SUVs, the far-side, passenger ATDs exhibited peak neck compression and flexion loads, which indicated a probable spinal column injury in all three tests. In those same tests, the near-side, driver ATD neck loads never predicted a potential injury. In all three tests, objective roof/ pillar deformation occurred prior to the occurrence of peak neck loads (F z , M y ) for far-side, passenger ATDs, and peak neck loads were predictive of probable spinal column injury. The production lap and shoulder seat belts in the SUVs, which restrained both driver and passenger ATDs, consistently allowed ATD head contact with the roof while the roof was contacting the ground during this 1000 ms test series. Local peak neck forces and moments were noted each time the far-side, passenger ATD head contacted (''dived into'') the roof while the roof was in contact with the ground; however, the magnitude of these local peaks was only 2-13% of peak neck loads in all three tests. ''Diving-type'' neck loads were not predictive of injury for either driver or passenger ATD in any of the three tests.

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Repeatable Dynamic Rollover Test Procedure with Controlled Roof Impact

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Investigation of the Influence of a-Pillar on Passive Safety of a Vehicle in Case of Rollover

Investigation of the Influence of a-Pillar on Passive Safety of a Vehicle in Case of Rollover

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

Occupant Dynamics in Rollover Crashes: Influence of Roof Deformation and Seat Belt Performance on Probable Spinal Column Injury

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